Unit+02+Review+-+Greece+and+Rome

pop Questions for Classical Greece and Rome AP World History – Fall [A] __Directions __: Answer the following questions on another sheet of paper (You don’t have to rewrite the questions, but it would be nice if you could number Rhodesthem correctly). The Identification Questions are there for your edification only, you don’t **HAVE** to answer them, but it will help your grade if you know the Who, What, When, Where, and Why for each of these items. = Identification: =
 * Nguyen - **The Gracchi Brothers - The Gracchi Brothers, Tiberius and Gaius, were Roman plebeian nobiles who served as tribunes in the late 2nd century BC. The attempted to pass land reform legislation that would redistribute the major patrician landholdings among the plebeians in addition to other reform measures. After achieving some early success, both were assassinated for their efforts.
 * Nugen - **Caligula- 'Caligula', more properly Gaius (Gaius Julius __#|Caesar__ Germanicus), was the third Roman emperor, in succession to Tiberius. He has gone down in history, perhaps unfairly, as Rome's most tyrannical emperor, but since we lack Tacitus' account of his short reign, it is impossible to know the truth behind the wilder stories.
 * crazy
 * reigned from 37-41 AD
 * heir to tiberius (who spared him bc of age)
 * killed by own people (Praetorian Guard) with love, kacee french :-)

Odoacer, also called Odovacar, or Odovakar (born c. 433—died March 15, 493, Ravenna), first barbarian king of Italy. The date on which he assumed __#|power__, 476, is traditionally considered the end of the Western Roman Empire.
 * Rabe - **Tacitus- was a senator and considered to be greatest historian of the Roman Empire . He lived during The Silver age of Latin Literature. He was born in 56 or 57 BCE into an provincial family in Gual (modern day France). his birth date, place, and exact name are unknown. Tacitus studied rhetoric in Rome to prepare for a career in law and politics, he may have studied under Quintilian.
 * Resendiz - **Odovacer


 * Rodriguez - **Alaric was the King of the Visigoths from 395–410. Alaric is most famous for his sack of Rome in 410, which marked a decisive event in the decline of the Roman Empire. He then moved southward into Greece where he sacked Piraeus (the port of Athens) and destroyed Corinth, Megara, Argos, and Sparta. In 401 Alaric invaded Italy, but he was defeated by Stilicho at Pollentia (modern Pollenza) on April 6, 402. A second invasion also ended in defeat at the Battle of Verona, though Alaric forced the Roman Senate to pay a large subsidy to the Visigoths. Subsequently, around 30,000 Gothic soldiers defected to Alaric, and joined his march on Rome to avenge their murdered families.Alaric sacked the cities of Aquileia and Cremona and ravaged the lands along the Adriatic Sea. The Visigothic lead thereupon laid siege upon Rome in 408. Eventually, the Senate granted him a substantial subsidy. In addition, Alaric forced the Senate to liberate all 40,000 Gothic slaves in Rome. Honorius, however, refused to appoint Alaric as the commander of the Western Roman Army, and in 409 the Visigoths again surrounded Rome. Alaric lifted his blockade after proclaiming Attalus as Western Emperor. Attalus appointed him magister utriusque militiae (“master of both services”) but refused to allow him to send an army into Africa. Negotiations with Honorius broke down, and Alaric kicked Attalus out of office in the summer of 410, and besieged Rome for the third time. Allies within the capital opened the gates for him on August 24, and for three days his troops sacked the city. Although the Visigoths plundered Rome, they treated its inhabitants humanely and burned only a few buildings. Having abandoned a plan to occupy Sicily and North Africa after the destruction of his fleet in a storm, Alaric died as the Visigoths were marching northward

Was the fifth Emperor of the the Roman Empire and ruled from 54 to 68 and the last emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He was adopted by his great-uncle Claudius to become his heir and successor, and succeeded to the throne in 54 following Claudius' death. In the time of Nero's reign, his priorities were centered around trade, diplomacy, and to embellish the cultural life of the Empire, such as promoting athletic games and the construction of theaters. During Nero's rule in 68, the rebellion of Vindex in Gaul and the acclamation of Galba in Hispania drove Nero from the throne. In the danger of being assassinated, he committed suicide June 9, 68 and was the first Roman Emperor to take their own life and that ended the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Following his death, it triggered a brief period of civil wars known as the Year of the Four Emperors. His rule is often associated with tyranny and extravagance. **__Fun Fact__:** His is known for many executions, including the execution of his own mother and the probable murder by poison of his stepbrother Britannicus. Roman emperor, first Roman emperor born outside of Italy, member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, he had a limp and was slightly deaf
 * Rodriguez - **Romulus and Remus
 * Siraphet - **Nero: (15 December 37 - 9 June 68)
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Suarez - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Claudius
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Traylor - ** Ceasar Augustus was the founder of the Roman empire and their first emperor. He also brought peace and stability to Rome after Julius Caesar died. He replaced the Roman republic with a highly effective monarchy as well.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Achuff - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Julius Ceasar

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 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Anyona - ** The Huns <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5;">- Huns were a group of nomadic people who first appeared in Europe from east of the [|Volga River], region of the earlier [|Scythians], with a migration intertwined with the <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">[|Alans] . They were first mentioned as Hunnoi by <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">[|Tacitus] . Initially being near the Caspian Sea in 91 AD, the Huns migrated to the southeastern area of the <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">[|Caucasus] by about 150 AD and into <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">[|Europe] by 370 AD, where they established a vast <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">[|Hunnic Empire] .Their main milit ary technique was <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.03em; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">[|mounted archery] . The Huns may have stimulated the <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">[|Great Migration], a contributing factor in the collapse of the western <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">Roman Empire. They formed a unified empire under <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">[|Attila the Hun] , their <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">[|empire broke up] the next year. Their descendants, or successors with similar names, are recorded by neighbouring populations to the south, east, and west as having occupied parts of <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">[|Eastern Europe] and <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">[|Central Asia] approximately from the 4th century to the 6th century. Variants of the Hun name are recorded in the <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">[|Caucasus] until the early 8th century. =====


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Baker - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The Ostrogoths

The Goths were Germanic peoples. They were divided into 2 groups - the Ostrogoths, or East Goths, and the Visigoths, or West Goths. The Ostrogoths were conquered by the Huns led by Atilla. The Ostrogoths, under Theoderic the Great, established a kingdom in Italy in the late 5th and 6th centuries. They traced their origins to the Greutungi and a semi-legendary kingdom north of the Black Sea in the 3rd and 4th centuries. They were part of the Invasion of Rome. Invading southward from the Baltic Sea, the Ostrogoths, at the time known as the Greuthungi, built up a huge empire stretching from the Dniester to the Volga River and from the Black Sea to the Baltic shores.The Ostrogoths were probably literate in the 3rd century and their trade with the Romans was highly developed. Their Danubian kingdom reached its **zenith** under King Ermanaric, who is said to have committed suicide at an old age when the Huns attacked his people and subjugated them in about 370. After their subjugation by the Huns, little is heard of the Ostrogoths for about 80 years. a highest point or state; culmination. The Visigoths (and Ostrogoths) were branches of the nomadic tribes of Germanic people who flourished and spread during the late Roman Empire during the "Migration Period". They emerged from earlier "Gothic" groups who invaded the Roman Empire beginning in 376 CE and defeated the Romans in the [|Battle of Adrianople] in 378 CE * The Visigoths asked the Roman emperor for protection which he granted. The Visigoths had to make many concessions to the Romans for this protection. They grew to resent the way they were treated and finally rebelled against the Romans. The Visigoths defeated the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople in 378. In 410 the Visigoth chieftan Alaric led the Vivigoths into Rome. They looted and sacked the city. The West Goths moved on Spain, drove out the Vandals, ended Roman rule of Spain, and set up their own kingdom. .
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Banfield - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The Visigoths:

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Carlock - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The Angles and Saxons ** <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Cortes - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Diocletian ** Diocletian was a roman emperor from 284 to 305. He was born into a poor (low status) family but later rose through the ranks of the military to become cavalry commander to the emperor Carus. After the emperor and his eldest son died, Diocletian was proclaimed the new emperor which later was claimed over by Carus’ other son, Carinus. Diocletian ended up defeating him in the battle of Margus and reclaimed his reign. During his reign he stabilized the empire. Diocletian delegated further on 1 March 293, appointing Galerius and Constantius as caesars, junior co-emperors. Under this 'tetrarchy', or "rule of four", each emperor would rule over a quarter-division of the empire. Diocletian secured the empire's borders and purged it of all threats to his power. put an end to the disastrous phase of Roman history known as the "Military Anarchy" or the "Imperial Crisis" (235-284). He established an obvious military despotism and was responsible for laying the groundwork for the second phase of the Roman Empire, which is known variously as the "Dominate," the "Tetrarchy," the "Later Roman Empire," or the "Byzantine Empire." His reforms ensured the continuity of the Roman Empire in the east for more than a thousand years. On 1 May 305, wearied by his twenty years in office, and determined to implement his method for the imperial succession, Diocletian abdicated. He compelled his co-regent Maximianus to do the same. Constantius and Galerius then became the new //Augusti,// and two new Caesars were selected, Maximinus (305-313) in the east and Severus (305- 307) in the west. Diocletian then retired to his palace at Split on the Croatian coast. In 308 he declined an offer to resume the purple, and the aged ex-emperor died at Split on 3 December 316. <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Davis - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The Tetrarchs: ** The term Tetrarchy (Greek: "leadership of four [people]") describes any form of government where power is divided among four individuals, but in modern usage usually refers to the system instituted by Roman Emperor Diocletian in 293, marking the end of the Crisis of the Third Century and the recovery of the Roman Empire. This Tetrarchy lasted until c. 313, when internecine conflict eliminated most of the claimants to power, leaving Constantine in the West and Licinius in the East. <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Feagan - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Aristotle: ** A Greek philosopher who lived from 384-322 BC/BCE. He was a student of Plato and a <span style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #1c7dff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: auto; padding-bottom: 1px; width: auto;">__teacher__ of Alexander the Great. __His Life__: He was born and raised in Macedon to the personal __#|physician__ of the Macedonian King Phillip, and once he was an adult he left to go to Athens to be taught by Plato. Later, he went back to Macedon and taught Alexander. Soon after that, he returned to Athens and established his own <span style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #1c7dff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: auto; padding-bottom: 1px; width: auto;">__school__ there, named Lyceum, but after Alexander died, he was chased out and died soon after. __Contributions to stuff__: He classified the various branches of knowledge, sorting them into physics, __#|psychology__, etc.; he observed the natural world-unlike Plato-and was very accomplished in biology. He also created a scientific method. He also (erroneously) believed that everything was made up of 5 different elements: earth, air, water, fire, aither (planets, circular motion). These elements determined the “nature” of inanimate objects was to seek their natural place, or why water moved down and fire moved up or whatever. The movement of living things was also determined by its nature: all movement was for the purpose of fulfilling this nature. He thought that heavier things fell faster proportionally to the weight (which makes no sense because half a brick does not fall half as slow as a whole brick). __Differences between Plato and Aristotle__: Plato believed math and abstract knowledge was the most important, but Aristotle believed investigating the natural, solid world was more important. Political Beliefs: Censorship in government creates false virtue-you don't have the choice to be a good person. Greeks want perfection, like the gods, and the path to that is the rule of law. The unwritten law is enforced by society, like not lying or being a jerk. The written law is enforced by the government or the police. The best form of government was where everybody had at least some power-everyone is by nature political. Helpful Links : <span style="color: #76de5e; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Much more concise than Wikipedia <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Wikipedia <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Fernandez - ** Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher. Credited as one of the founders of western philosophy, he is a mysterious figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon. **

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Franco - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Plato- **
 * He was a philosopher in Classical Greece. He was also a mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. **


 * Plato's sophistication as a writer is evident in his Socratic dialogues; thirty-six dialogues and thirteen letters have been ascribed to him. Plato's writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato's texts.[5] Plato's dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. Plato is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. **

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">French -
 * <span style="background-color: #16c5b4; color: #ebefef; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Alexander succeeded his father, Philip II of Macedon, to the throne in 336 BC after Philip was assassinated. Upon Philip's death, Alexander inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army. He had been awarded the generalship of Greece and used this authority to launch his father's military expansion plans. In 334 BC, he invaded the Achaemenid empire, ruled Asia Minor, and began a series of campaigns that lasted ten years. Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles, most notably the battles of Issus and Gaugamel He subsequently overthrew the Persian King Darius III and conquered the entirety of the Persian Empire. At that point, his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Indus River. **

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Ifasso - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Phillip of Macedon. ** He was the king of Mscedon. He was also the father of Alexander the Great and Phillip III.Philip was the youngest son of the king Amyntas III and Eurydice I. In his youth, (c. 368 – 365 BCE) Philip was held as a hostage in Thebes, which was the leading city of Greece during the Theban hegemony. While a captive there, Philip received a military and diplomatic education from Epaminondas, became eromenos of Pelopidas,[2][3] and lived with Pammenes, who was an enthusiastic advocate of the Sacred Band of Thebes.In 364 BCE, Philip returned to Macedon. The deaths of Philip's elder brothers, King Alexander II and Perdiccas III, allowed him to take the throne in 359 BCE. Originally appointed regent for his infant nephew Amyntas IV, who was the son of Perdiccas III, Philip managed to take the kingdom for himself that same year.Philip's military skills and expansionist vision of Macedonian greatness brought him early success. He first had to re-establish a situation which had been greatly worsened by the defeat against the Illyrians in which King Perdiccas himself had died. The Paionians and the Thracians had sacked and invaded the eastern regions of the country, while the Athenians had landed, at Methoni on the coast, a contingent under a Macedonian pretender called Argeus.Using diplomacy, Philip pushed back Paionians and Thracians promising tributes, and crushed the 3,000 Athenian hoplites (359). arily free from his opponents, he concentrated on strengthening his internal position and, above all, his army. His most important innovation was doubtless the introduction of the phalanx infantry corps, armed with the famous sarissa, an exceedingly long spear, at the time the most important army corps in Macedonia.Philip had married Audata, great-granddaughter of the Illyrian king of Dardania, Bardyllis. However, this did not prevent him from marching against them in 358 and crushing them in a ferocious battle in which some 7,000 Illyrians died (357). By this move, Philip established his authority inland as far as Lake Ohrid and the favour of the Epirotes.[4]He agreed with the Athenians, who had been so far unable to conquer Amphipolis, which commanded the gold mines of Mount Pangaion, to lease it to them after its conquest, in exchange for Pydna (lost by Macedon in 363). However, after conquering Amphipolis, he kept both the cities (357). As Athens declared war against him, he allied with the Chalkidian League of Olynthus. He subsequently conquered Potidaea, this time keeping his word and ceding it to the League in 356. One year before Philip had married the Epirote princess Olympias, who was the daughter of the king of the Molossians.During 356 BCE, Philip also conquered the town of Crenides and changed its name to Philippi: he established a powerful garrison there to control its mines, which granted him much of the gold later used for his campaigns. In the meantime, his general Parmenion defeated the Illyrians again. Also in 356 Alexander was born, and Philip's race horse won in the Olympic Games. In 355–354 he besieged Methone, the last city on the Thermaic Gulf controlled by Athens. During the siege, Philip lost an eye. Despite the arrival of two Athenian fleets, the city fell in 354. Philip also attacked Abdera and Maronea, on the Thracian seaboard (354–353).Involved in the Third Sacred War which had begun in Greece, during the summer of 353 he invaded Thessaly, defeating 7,000 Phocians under the brother of Onomarchus. The latter however defeated Philip in the two succeeding battles. Philip returned to Thessaly the next summer, this time with an army of 20,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry including all Thessalian troops. In the Battle of Crocus Field 6,000 Phocians fell, while 3,000 were taken as prisoners and later drowned.This battle granted Philip an immense prestige, as well as the free acquisition of Pherae. Philip was also tagus of Thessaly, and he claimed as his own Magnesia, with the important harbour of Pagasae. Philip did not attempt to advance into Central Greece because the Athenians, unable to arrive in time to defend Pagasae, had occupied Thermopylae.Hostilities with Athens did not yet take place, but Athens was threatened by the Macedonian party which Philip's gold created in Euboea. From 352 to 346 BCE, Philip did not again come south. He was active in completing the subjugation of the Balkan hill-country to the west and north, and in reducing the Greek cities of the coast as far as the Hebrus. To the chief of these coastal cities, Olynthus, Philip continued to profess friendship until its neighboring cities were in his hands.In 349 BCE, Philip started the siege of Olynthus, which, apart from its strategic position, housed his relatives Arrhidaeus and Menelaus, pretenders to the Macedonian throne. Olynthus had at first allied itself with Philip, but later shifted its allegiance to Athens. The latter, however, did nothing to help the city, its expeditions held back by a revolt in Euboea (probably paid by Philip's gold). The Macedonian king finally took Olynthus in 348 BCE and razed the city to the ground. The same fate was inflicted on other cities of the Chalcidian peninsula. Macedon and the regions adjoining it having now been securely consolidated, Philip celebrated his Olympic Games at Dium. In 347 BCE, Philip advanced to the conquest of the eastern districts about Hebrus, and compelled the submission of the Thracian prince Cersobleptes. In 346 BCE, he intervened effectively in the war between Thebes and the Phocians, but his wars with Athens continued intermittently. However, Athens had made overtures for peace, and when Philip again moved south, peace was sworn in Thessaly.With key Greek city-states in submission, Philip II turned to Sparta; he sent them a message: "If I win this war, you will be slaves forever." In another version, he warned: "You are advised to submit without further delay, for if I bring my army into your land, I will destroy your farms, slay your people, and raze your city." According to both accounts, the Spartan's laconic reply was one word: "If". Philip II and Alexander both chose leave Sparta alone. Later, the Macedonian arms were carried across Epirus to the Adriatic Sea.In 345 BCE., Philip conducted a hard-fought campaign against the Ardiaioi (Ardiaei), under their king Pluratus, during which he was seriously wounded by an Ardian soldier in the lower right leg.In 342 BCE, Philip led a great military expedition north against the Scythians, conquering the Thracian fortified settlement Eumolpia to give it his name, Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).In 340 BCE, Philip started the siege of Perinthus. Philip began another siege in 339 of the city of Byzantium. After unsuccessful sieges of both cities, Philip's influence all over Greece was compromised. However, he successfully reasserted his authority in the Aegean by defeating an alliance of Thebans and Athenians at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BCE, while in the same year, Philip destroyed Amfissa because the residents had illegally cultivated part of the Crisaian plain which belonged to Delphi.Philip created and led the League of Corinth in 337 BCE. Members of the League agreed never to wage war against each other, unless it was to suppress revolution. Philip was elected as leader (hegemon) of the army of invasion against the Persian Empire. In 336 BCE, when the invasion of Persia was in its very early stage, Philip was assassinated, and was succeeded on the throne of Macedon by his son Alexander III.
 * <span style="background-color: #16c5b4; color: #ebefef; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Seeking to reach the "ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea", he invaded India in 326 BC, but was eventually forced to turn back at the demand of his troops. Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BC, without executing a series of planned campaigns that would have begun with an invasion of Arabia. In the years following his death, a series of civil wars tore his empire apart, resulting in several states ruled by the Diadochi, Alexander's surviving generals and heirs. **

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Ingle - ** Moses- according to the Hebrew Bible, the Qumran, and Baha'iscripture, a religious leader, lawgiver, and prophet, to whom the authorship of the Torah is traditionally attributed. Also called Moshe Rabbenu in Hebrew, he is the most important prophet in Judaism, he is also an important prophet in Christianity and Islam, as well as a number of other faiths.God sent Moses back to Egypt to request the release of the Israelites. After the Ten Plagues, Moses led the Exodus of the Israelites out of Egypt and across the Red Sea, after which they based themselves at Mount Sinai, where Moses received the Ten Commandments. After 40 years of wandering in the desert, Moses died within sight of the Promised Land. ** <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Juell - ** Joshua **
 * -Joshua is a figure in the Torah, being one of the spies for Israel and in few passages as Moses' assistant. He is the central character in the Hebrew Bible's Book of Joshua. According to the books Exodus, Numbers and Joshua, he became the leader of the Israelite tribes after the death of Moses; his name was Hoshe'a the son of Nun, of the tribe of Ephraim, but Moses called him Yehoshu'a (Joshua) the name by which he is commonly known; according to the Bible he was born in Egypt prior to the Exodus. **
 * -He was one of the twelve spies of Israel sent by Moses to explore the land of Canaan. After the death of Moses, he led the Israelite tribes in the conquest of Canaan, and allocated the land to the tribes. According to Biblical chronology, Joshua lived between 1355-1245 BCE, or sometime in the late Bronze Age. According to Joshua 24:29, Joshua died at the age of 110. **
 * -Joshua also holds a position of respect to Muslims. According to Islamic tradition, he was, along with Caleb, one of the two believing spies whom Moses had sent to spy the land of Canaan. All Muslims also see Joshua as the leader of the Israelites, following the death of Moses. Some Muslims also believe Joshua to be the "attendant" of Moses mentioned in the Qur’ān, before Moses meets Khidr and some believe that he is a prophet. **

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">King - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The Achaemenid Empire - Was the first Persian Empire founded in 6th Century B.C.E by Cyrus the Great. Lasted from 550 - 330 BCE. At the time, it was the largest empire. It was also ruled by Darius lll. Alexander the Great eventually causes the collapse of the empire. This empire will set the tone for politics, heritage, and history of modern Persia. (Iran) ** There's also a map of the empire I'm going to upload so you guys can see just how huge this empire was. (: <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Kossia - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Cyrus- **
 * c. 600 BC or 576 BC–530 BC[ commonly known as Cyrus the Great,[also known as Cyrus the Elder, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire . Under his rule, the empire embraced all the previous civilized states of the ancient near east expanded vastly and eventually conquered most of Southwest Asia and much of Central Asia and the Caucus from the Mediterranean Sea and Hellespont in the west to the Indus River in the eas t, Cyrus the Great created the largest empire the world had yet seen .[His regal titles in full were The Great King, King of Persia, King of Anshan, King of Media, King of Babylon, King of Sumner and Akkad, and King of the Four Corners of the World. He also pronounced what some consider to be one of the first historically important declarations of human rights via the Cyrus cylinder sometime between 539 and 530 BC. **
 * (Will give a better summary later just something basic for you guys to have now). **

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Latham - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Cambyses, Darius, Xerxes ** <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Mattes - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Royal Road

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the period of [|ancient Greek] and [|Mediterranean history] between the[|death] of [|Alexander the Great] in 323 BC and the emergence of the [|Roman Empire] as signified by the [|Battle of Actium] in 31 BC[|[1]] and the subsequent conquest of [|Ptolemaic Egypt] in 30 BC.[|[2]] At this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in [|Europe], [|Africa] and [|Asia], experiencing prosperity and progress in the [|arts], [|exploration], [|literature], [|theatre], [|architecture],[|music], [|mathematics], [|philosophy], and [|science]. It is often considered a period of transition, sometimes even of [|decadence] or[|degeneration],[|[3]] compared to the brilliance of the Greek [|Classical era].
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Measom - ** Satrap(ies) — Label given to provincial governors who are controlled by a higher authority, during the ancient Persian and Hellenistic empires. It originated from ancient Greek and Latin meaning ”Protector of the province”, satrapies refer to the land controlled by the satraps. Satraps were usually the royal family or nobility who held offices and had many different upper-class responsibilities such as collecting taxes and maintaining an army. Alexander the great and his successors continued the use satraps. =====
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Murray - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Hellenistic Empire-

After [|Alexander the Great]'s ventures in the [|Persian Empire], Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout [|south-west Asia]([|Seleucid Empire], [|Kingdom of Pergamon]) and north-east Africa ([|Ptolemaic Kingdom]). This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms, and moreover Greek colonists themselves. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia, and a departure from earlier Greek attitudes towards "[|barbarian]" cultures.[|[4]] The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization[|[5]] (as distinguished from that occurring in the 8th–6th centuries BC) which established Greek cities and kingdoms in [|Asia] and [|Africa].[|[6]] Those new cities were composed of Greek colonists who came from different parts of the Greek world, and not, as before, from a specific "mother city".[|[6]] The main cultural centers expanded from mainland Greece to[|Pergamon], [|Rhodes], and new Greek colonies such as [|Seleucia], [|Antioch] and [|Alexandria]. This mixture of Greek-speakers gave birth to a common [|Attic]-based dialect, known as [|Koine Greek], which became the [|lingua franca] through the Hellenistic world. The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by [|Rome] in 146 BC, with the final defeat of the [|Ptolemaic Kingdom] at the [|Battle of Actium] in 31 BC, or even the move by [|Roman emperor] [|Constantine the Great] of the capital of the [|Roman Empire] to [|Constantinople] in 330 AD.

Nguyen - Constantine- Was the Roman Emperor from 306 to 337 CE. He was the son of Flavis Valerius Constantius and Helena. Constantine was sent east to become a military tribune under Diocletian and Galerius. He became an emperor after his dad died in 306 CE. Constantine was the first emperor to convert to Christianity. Constantine built a building a Byzantium and decided to call it New Rome, but other Romans called it Constantinople, which would later become the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Constantine ordered for The Church of the Holy Sepulchre be built for the site of Jesus' tomb in Jerusalem. Nugen - The Punic Wars- The three Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome took place over nearly a century, beginning in 264 B.C. and ending with the destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. By the time the First Punic War broke out, Rome had become the dominant power throughout the Italian peninsula, while Carthage–a powerful city-state in northern Africa–had established itself as the leading maritime power in the world. The First Punic War broke out in 264 B.C. when Rome interfered in a dispute on the Carthaginian-controlled island of Sicily; the war ended with Rome in control of both Sicily and Corsica and marked the empire's emergence as a naval as well as a land power. In the Second Punic War, the great Carthaginian general Hannibal invaded Italy and scored great victories at Lake Trasimene and Cannae before his eventual defeat at the hands of Rome's Scipio Africanus in 202 B.C. left Rome in control of the western Mediterranean and much of Spain. In the Third Punic War, the Romans, led by Scipio the Younger, captured and destroyed the city of Carthage in 146 B.C., turning Africa into yet another province of the mighty Roman Empire.

Athens, Modern Greek Athínai, Ancient Greek Athēnai, historic city and capital of Greece. Many of Classical civilization’s intellectual and artistic ideas originated there, and the city is generally considered to be the birthplace of Western civilization.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Rabe - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Pericles- was the most prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator and general of Athens during the Golden Age. Pericles turned the Delian League into an Athenian empire and led his countrymen during the first two years of the Peloponnesian War. The period during which he led Athens, roughly from 461 to 429 BC, is sometimes known as the " Age of Pericles ". he is considered to have been the first politician to attribute great importance to philosophy. a testimony comes from Thucydides
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Resendiz - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Athens

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Sparta was and Ancient Greek city state.It began as a small village of dorian people and grew to be one of the m,ost powerful city states. Sparta had the most powerful army in Greece and had a military oligarchy government. This city state produced no great works of art. Although the people of sparta (spartans) were known for great strength and toughness. From a young age, the people of sparta to be trained warriors. The men were often fighting and the women had a lot of freedom,much more than the women of the othe city states in Greece. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The delian League was a confederacy of ancient Greek ciry states. It was founded in 478 BC during The Greco-Persian wars for the city states to protect themselves from Achaemenian Persia. The Delian League was under the leadership of Athens and its headquartes were located in Delos. Athens provided commanders in chief for the city states and the city states provided money and ships. The Delian Leagye was crushed by Philip II of Macedon in 338.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Rodriguez - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Sparta-
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Rodriguez - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The Delian League-

This was actually a numerous number of wars, three to be precise, during ancient Greece where it was fought by the city-states of Athens and Peloponnesian League which was led by Sparta. The first war in the Pelopennesian war was the Archidamian War in which Sparta launched invasions in Attica, but loss to the Athenian navy and ended with a signing of the Peace of Nicias in 421 BC. The peace treaty was later violated when the Athenians attempted to capture Syracuse in Sicily in 415 BC, but utterly failed to ending with the entire force being annihilated by 413 BC. This later led to the city-state of Sparta to win after receiving support from Persia and rebellions in the Aegean Sean and Ionia, undermining the Athenians by losing its city of naval supremacy in what has been referred as the Decelean War, or the Ionian War. The war was finalized when the destruction of Athen's fleet at Aegospotami ended the war and the city-state of Athens surrendering the next year. The effect of this war led to a shift of dominant power from the once powerful city-state of Athens to Sparta becoming the leading power in Greece. developed in the Greek city-state of Athens, one of the first known democracies, none were as powerful, stable, nor as well-documented as that of Athens training at the age of seven, moved to barracks at age 10, and was allowed to marry at age 20, keeping their focus on their military. Even after marriage, they must stay in the barracks for another 20 years, basically their whole life was devoted to their military. They became fearless at an early age; the Spartan military was a dominant power. ====**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Anyona - **<span style="background-color: #0035ff; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif;">The Assembly of the Centuries <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> of the <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">[|Roman Republic] was one of the three voting assemblies in the Roman constitution. It was named the Century Assembly as it divided Roman citizens into one hundred different groups. The Centuries gathered into the Century Assembly for legislative, electoral, and judicial purposes. The majority of votes in any Century decided how that Century voted. Each Century received one vote, regardless of how many electors each Century held. Once a majority of Centuries voted in the same way on a given measure, the voting ended, and the matter was decided.Only the Century Assembly could declare war or elect the **highest-ranking** ** Roman Magistrates ** : "' <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">[|Consuls] ", " <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">[|Praetors] " and " <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">[|Censors] ". The Century Assembly could also pass a law that granted constitutional command authority, or " <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">[|Imperium] ", to Consuls and Praetors "Law on Imperium", and Censorial powers to Censors "Law on Censorial Powers". In addition, the Century Assembly served as the highest court of appeal in certain judicial cases (in particular, cases involving capital punishment), and ratified the results of a Census. ==== ==== Since the Romans used a form of direct democracy, citizens, and not elected representatives, voted before each assembly. As such, the citizen-electors had no power, other than the power to cast a vote. Each assembly was presided over by a single **Roman Magistrate,** and as such, it was the presiding magistrate who **made all decisions on matters of procedure and legality**. ====
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Siraphet - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The Pelopennesian War: (431-404 BC)
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Suarez - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Athenian Democracy
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Traylor - ** Spartan Militarism: Military was a very important part of the city state of Sparta, therefore they started
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Achuff - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The Senate

Jesus (also called Christ which means king or Messiah) was born in Israel 2000 years ago. Modern civilization marks his birth by dividing time B.C. (before Christ) and A.D. (Anno Domini - or the year of our Lord)Jesus lived a traditional Jewish life, working as a carpenter. During this time, all of Israel was under Caesar's Roman dictatorship, including Bethlehem, where Jesus was born, and Nazareth, where he was raised. the religious leaders asked the Roman government to execute him. In each of several official trials, the Romans found that he was not guilty of breaking any Roman law. But in turn they changed their mind and Jesus was brutally tortured and then hung by his hands, which were nailed to a horizontal wooden beam (cross). However, according to more than 500 witnesses, Jesus returned from the dead three days later. the following of Jesus, Christianity, became the official religion of the Roman Emperor Constantine. Within 500 years, even Greece's temples of Greek gods were transformed into churches for followers of Jesus. Although some of Jesus' messages and teachings were diluted or mis-communicated through the expansion of a religious institution, Jesus' original words and life still speak loudly for themselves.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Baker - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Jesus

Paul of Tarsus (AKA Paul the Apostle) was a Christian missionary who spread the gospel of Christ to the First-Century World. He founded several churches in Asia Minor and Europe, and is considered to be one of the most important figures of the Apostolic Age. (Fourteen of the 27 books of the New Testament have been attributed to him, and half of the Acts of the Apostles deals with Paul's life and works.)
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Banfield - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Paul of Tarsus


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Carlock - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Peter, James, and John


 * __<span style="color: #006600; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Review Questions: __ **

-The origin of the ethnic Iranian peoples/Persian peoples are traced to the Ancient Iranian peoples, who were part of the ancient Indo-Iranians and themselves part of the greater Indo-European linguistic family
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Achuff - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Who is Nebuchadnezzar? - He was the fourth king of the Second Dynasty of Isin and Fourth Dynasty of Babylon. He is best known for his victory over Elam and the recovery of the cultic idol Marduk.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Anyona - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What is the importance of the Neo <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> - <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Babylonian Empire?
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Baker - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Who were the Persians, and what impact did they have on the West? (It’s always advisable to know your conquerors as well as what they conquered.)

-The Old Persians, who were one of these ethnic Iranian groups, were originally nomadic, pastoral people in the western Iranian plateau and by 850 BCE were calling themselves the Parsa and their constantly shifting territory Parsua for the most part localized around Persis (Pars), bounded on the west by Tigris river and on the south by the Persian Gulf. -The origin of the Persian Empire can be attributed to the leadership of one man—Cyrus the Great. - Through his skillful leadership and a strong military, Cyrus was able to create a vast empire that would last for more than two hundred years. The origins and impacts of Cyrus the Great’s empire made it possible for the emperors who came after him, such as Darius I, to continue to expand and control the Persian Empire. -Persia and Greece were once close allies. However, as technology increased in Athens, Sparta was left out of the mix and failed to grow. This led to the Peloponnesian Wars.

Cyrus the Great was the founder of the Achaemenid empire. Under his rule, the empire expanded and conquered most of Southwest Asia and much of Central Asia and Caucasus, making it the largest empire the world had seen (yet). He is well- known for his achievements in: Politics, Military Strategy and Human rights. He is identified as the oldest identification of human rights, which were transcribed onto the [|Cyrus Cylinder] sometime between 539 and 530 BC. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Banfield - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Who is Cyrus the Great?
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Carlock - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What were the major religions that developed in the West?
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Cortes - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">How does religion in the West differ from religion in the East?

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">**__Eastern__**:
 * ==== Change is considered an integral part of creation, and does not indicate inferior or degraded being. ====
 * ==== The good life consists of following //dharma// (personal duty which is believed to be one with universal order and harmony). ====
 * ==== The source of enlightenment and liberation is //within// the individual. ====
 * ==== Reincarnation (transmigration of souls through many lifetimes) is a central belief. Because you know you'll be coming back, and the law of karma will automatically reward the good and punish the evil in the next incarnation, there is not a lot of philosophical worry about injustice and victimization (it's always temporary and never fatal). ====
 * ==== Afterlife traditions vary: //moksa// (liberation from the cycle of reincarnation); //nirvana// (blowing out the flame of desire), or the compassionate bodhisattva ideal. ====
 * ====The Eastern religions each had their own cultural impact on society . Hinduism reinforced the caste system, offering hope for an improved lifestyle. Hinduism also started the path of reincarnation, the other eastern religion, Buddhism, also shared the concept of reincarnation with Hinduism, but in a different perspective. One of the reasons of popularity of Buddhism was its acceptance of men and women from all ranks of society.====

__**Western:**__
 * As in Plato, change is associated with degradation and disintegration, especially of the body. Perfect things (e.g., God) are changeless ("immutable").
 * The good life consists of obeying the laws of God and reason (the "natural law").
 * In Western religions, prophets, Popes, mullahs, etc. convey God's word to ordinary people. Some forms of Protestantism, however, (e.g., Quakerism) emphasize looking within.
 * "You only go around once." The problem of evil is thus HUGE in Western philosophy of religion. Also, sin is a much more serious matter, since you get only one chance at life. Heaven is for humans only, so the Western view is "speciesist". Animals don't get saved, nor do their interests matter much, whereas for non-Western religions, every sentient being eventually gets released.
 * Virtuous Mohammed, Jesus, and saints as role models.
 * The Western religions also impacted society in there own way. Judaism was a monotheism religion which led the path for Christrianity. One of the reasons Christrianity became so popular, was because of its appeal to all social classes ,especially the poor.

Ancient Persian religion: an ancient religion founded by the Persian prophet Zoroaster, the principal belief of which is in a supreme deity and a cosmic contest between two spirits, one good and one evil.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Davis - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What is Zoroastrianism?
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Feagan - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What were the major cultures that comprised early Greek civilization?

The Minoans and the Myceneans were the major cultures of early Greek civilization. Around 2500 BC, the Minoans formed a civilization on the island of Crete, south of mainland Greece, where the Myceneans lived. The Minoans had a good economy and was strong in trade. Because the land was rocky and bad for farming, the main economic activity was fishing. The capital was the city of Knossos. The legend of the labyrinth with Daedalus and Icharus in it apparently took place here. The main art types were frescoes (colored plaster walls), often of animals such as dolphins, monkeys, and bulls, and sculptures. The religion was matriarchal, polytheistic, and seemed to involve human sacrifice, though we're not sure about that part since we can't read any of their writing. Sometime around 1500 or 1600 BC, a volcano on nearby Santorini (Santorini is a small group of islands just north of Crete) exploded, causing a tidal wave that destroyed parts of some Minoan cities. This weakened the economic power of the civilization significantly, and it was soon absorbed into the civilization of Mycenae. This civilization was based on mainland Greece rather than on an island. They took part in the Trojan War told in the Iliad. According to Wikipedia, “Quite unlike the Minoans, whose society benefited from trade, the Myceneans advanced through conquest. Mycenaean civilization was dominated by a warrior aristocracy.” The civilization collapsed around 1100 BC, possibly because of natural disasters, but is most likely because of a Dorian invasion.

The Law of Moses or Torah of Moses (Hebrew Torat Moshe תֹּורַת מֹשֶׁה, Septuagint Greek nomos Moyse νόμος Μωυσῆ) is a biblical term first found in the Book of Joshua 8:31-32 where Joshua writes the words of "the Law of Moses" on the altar at Mount Ebal. The text continues "And afterward he read all the words of the law, the blessings and cursings, according to all that is written in the book of the law." (Joshua 8:34).[1] The term occurs 15 times in the Hebrew Bible, another 7 times in the New Testament, and repeatedly in Second Temple period, intertestamental, rabbinical and patristic literature.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Fernandez - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Who is Moses?
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Franco - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What is Mosaic Law? How does it impact the development of Western Culture?


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">French - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Who is Jesus of Nazareth?
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Ifasso - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Who were the Jewish Patriarchs? The Jewish Patriarch were Abraham, his son Issac and Issac's son Jacob. They lived during the patriarchal period. All three played major parts in the Hebrew scripture during and after their lifetime. Their wives were known as the Matriarchs (Just wanted this to be easier to see <3 )
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Ingle - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Who were the founders of the Christian Church? // ** Jesus founded His Father's 'Church of God' and members of said Church became known as Christians. the Roman Catholic Church has a strong tradition that Jesus founded the Church and appointed Peter as its first leader. ** //


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Juell - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Describe the growth of the Christian Church in the Mediterranean Basin. What factors led to its rapid growth?

In the first few centuries of Christianity, the Roman establishment felt threatened by this new religious movement and Christians were at times persecuted under roman rule. However, the spread of Christianity was only possible because of the stability and unification of the Mediterranean achieved by the Romans. The Romans had successfully unified the entire Mediterranean into a relatively peaceful and prosperous trading system. Communications between the various peoples of the Mediterranean had become streamlined into two major languages: Latin in the Western Mediterranean, and Greek in the Eastern Mediterranean. This prosperity and unification assisted early missionaries such as St. Paul in getting the word out about the new faith. The early centers of Christianity were the largest cities and the most urbanized provinces on the major trade networks of the Mediterranean.

The Delian League was an association of Greek city-states that had about 150-170 members. It was ruled by Athens who then took advantage of power, using the League's navy for it's own purposes. This of course, led to conflict between Athens and the less powerful members. This began the Peloponnesian War. The league dissolved when the war ended in 404.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">King - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What was the Delian League, and what was Athen’s role in it?
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Kossia - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What was the Peloponnesian War?

The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) was an [|ancient Greek] war fought by[|Athens] and its [|empire] against the [|Peloponnesian League] led by [|Sparta]. Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases. In the first phase, the Archidamian War, Sparta launched repeated invasions of [|Attica], while Athens took advantage of its naval supremacy to raid the coast of the[|Peloponnese] attempting to suppress signs of unrest in its empire. This period of the war was concluded in 421 BC, with the signing of the [|Peace of Nicias]. That treaty, however, was soon undermined by renewed fighting in the Peloponnese. In 415 BC, Athens dispatched a [|massive expeditionary force] to attack [|Syracuse] in [|Sicily]; the attack failed disastrously, with the destruction of the entire force, in 413 BC. This ushered in the final phase of the war, generally referred to either as the Decelean War, or the Ionian War. In this phase, Sparta, now receiving support from [|Persia], supported rebellions in Athens' subject states in the [|Aegean Sea] and [|Ionia], undermining Athens' empire, and, eventually, depriving the city of naval supremacy. The destruction of Athens' fleet at [|Aegospotami] effectively ended the war, and Athens surrendered in the following year.

The Peloponnesian War reshaped the ancient Greek world. On the level of international relations, Athens, the strongest city-state in Greece prior to the war's beginning, was reduced to a state of near-[|complete] subjection, while Sparta became established as the leading power of Greece. The economic costs of the war were felt all across Greece; poverty became widespread in the Peloponnese, while Athens found itself completely devastated, and never regained its pre-war prosperity.[|[1]][|[2]] The war also wrought subtler changes to Greek society; the conflict between [|democratic] Athens and [|oligarchic] Sparta, each of which supported friendly political factions within other states, made civil war a common occurrence in the Greek world.

[|Greek warfare], meanwhile, originally a limited and formalized form of conflict, was transformed into an all-out struggle between [|city-states], complete with atrocities on a large scale. Shattering religious and cultural taboos, devastating vast swathes of countryside, and destroying whole cities, the Peloponnesian War marked the dramatic end to the fifth century BC and the golden age of Greece.


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Latham - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What role does art and literature play in both Greece and Rome?art and literature play a role in greek and roman in their societys and cultures. The greeks wrote many plays and epics like homers illiad and oddysy. The greeks art was realistic like the romans. The romans literature
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Mattes - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Who was Pericles, and why is he significant in Greek history?
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Measom - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">How does family structure differ among the Greek city states?

One way that greek city states family structure was their role of women. Inmost places such as athens, woman stayed within the home managing slaves and their house hold. Sparta was rather different from most city states, here women led more active lives, as this would improve their physical strength and their ability to have healthy babies. It was important that these babies were healhy because the males babies would be sent off to a military training school by the age of seven, to advance the Spartans military dominance. in contrast in Athens the children were taught in schools that focused on general studies,music, or physical education. Just as a mother nurses a child, the society of ancient Greece, 400 B.C., nurtured and cultivated its demeaning role of women. In ancient Greece, women endured many difficulties and hardships especially in three main areas. The problems women encountered in this era occurred within marriage, inheritance and social life. All three elements shaped and formed the mold of the submissive female. The social life of women in ancient Greece often mirrored the submissive female image. Women were restricted from participating in outside events in which men were involved. Since “working out of doors,” was perceived as a place for women to become “potential prey of rapists and seducers” women were confined indoors. The house was considered a secure place; however, inside the home, women were often raped by their own husbands. A social life for a female was only achieved in boundaries “within her husband’s house and the domain of his power” This indicated that a woman was permitted to socialize outside her home if her husband granted her permission and if her husband held a high position or authority in society. While men were outside the house, trading, hunting and working the fields, “women remained in their houses.” The majority of activities girls were involved in were “basically domestic.” Women also had arranged/forced marriages. They couldn't chose their partner, their parents did and most of the time it would be dreadful to the woman on the day of her wedding instead of the best day of her life. Women also inherited NOTHING, the only kind of property they could own would be from a male sibling.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Murray - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What was the role of women in Ancient Greece?


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Nguyen - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What were the significant battles in the Greco <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> - <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Persian wars? How did they impact the development of the West? - The Ionian Revolt, The Battle of Marathon, The Battle of Thermopylae, The Battle of Salamis, The Battle of Plataea, and The Battle of Mycale, After Greece won the wars, they could finally focus on other things. After the war, the Greeks focused on developing democracy, architecture, and the arts. After things started going in Greece, Sparta was afraid of Greece expanding so they attacked Greece resulting in the Peloponesian war which led to Greece's loss.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Nugen - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Who were the principal emperors of the Roman Empire and when did they rule?

31-14 Augustus

14-37 Tiberius

37-41 Gaius (Caligula)

41-54 Claudius

54-68 Nero

306-337 Constantine I

The Ancient Greek contributed major things to western civilization. For instance, the philosophy of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Or literature like Homer's' Iliad and The Odyssey. Government styles like democracy were invented. History was recorded by Herodotus and Thucydides. Architecture like the Parthenon and sculpture of the perfect human body. Painting was also a big factor in Ancient Greece as well as mathematics. Elucid invented Geometry, Algebra and the Number Theory. (Elucid just became my least favorite historical figure)
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Rabe - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Who were the principal rulers in the Persian Empire? The **Seleucid Empire** 312 - 63 BC was a successor state of __// Alexander the Great //__'s empire founded by Seleucus. It was a major center of Hellenistic culture which maintained the preeminence of Greek customs and where a Greek-speaking Macedonian elite dominated, mostly in the urban areas.saffarid dynasty overthrew the Tahirid Persian dynasty and annexed Khorasan in 873. By the time of __// Yaqub //__'s death(ruler), he had conquered Kabul Valley, Sind, Tocharistan , Makran ( Baluchistan ), Kerman, Fars, Khorasan, and nearly reached Baghdad but then suffered defeat.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Resendiz - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What were the significant contributions of Greece to Western society?


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Rodriguez - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What impact did the Germanic invasions have on both the Eastern and Western Roman Empire? The migrants who came first to settle down were germanic tribes that consisted of Goths, Vandlas, Angles, Saxons,Llombards, Suebi, Frisii, and Franks. They were pushed westward by the Huns, Bulgars, Salvs, and Alans. A fusion of mainly Gothic groups, eventually invaded Italy and sacked Rome in 410, before settling in Iberia and founding a kingdom that lasted for 200 years.The Germanic tribes spoke the common toungue they used today. Entire germanic tribes flooded into Roman provinces ending classical urbanism and beginning new types of rural settlements.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Trade was vital to the Roman empire. Because of such a big population, the empire needed a lot of money to feed and take care of the people, and trade brought in most of that money. Trade was encouraged by many years of peace. Trade in the RE was also vital to its success. When the Roman Empire collapsed, the other trade places made up of the RE also collapsed. Their main trading partners were Spain, France, the Middle East, and North Africa. From the beginning of Roman history, social reforms were not common or rare until 140 when laelius, consul in 140 proposed a land reform bill, but was rejected, but there was some support from Senators who might have possibly benefited from it. Then in 133 B.C.C, Tiberius was elected tribune and began to campaign for land reform in the Roman Empire and wanted to pass a law in which would divide large lands owned by the rich into smaller farms to divide it among the poor because the poor farmers were forced to sell their land by war and other factors. His idea was popular among the citizens of the Roman Empire, but were not favored by the large landowners and when he wanted to run for a second term for tribune, the members of the Senate organized a plot against him and his enemies killed him. Then in 133 B.C.E, his younger brother, Gaius Gracchus took his brother's idea of political reform and in 124 B.C.E, was re-elected. He passed many programs which benefitted the groups of Roman society, such as dividing state lands and redistributing them to the lower class and also provided programs that helped improve the infrastructue which helped the business community. When he ran for a third term as tribune in 121 B.C.E., the Senate supported its own canidadate and he lost the election. He was mobbed by soldiers and citizens against his ideas and ordered his personal slave to kill him. Both of these people introduced a number of reforms that made a dramatic impact on the quality of life for many people in Rome. Slavery was a commonplace act in both the Greek and Roman civilizations and played and essential role in both economies. Most ancient writers consider slaves not only natural, but necessary. The slaves performed not only manual labor, but domestic labor as well.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Rodriguez - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What was the impact of trade on both the early and late Roman Empire?
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Siraphet - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Land reforms play an important political role in classical civilizations. What is the history of land reform in the Roman Empire?
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Suarez - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What is meant by the term “bread and circuses”?
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Traylor - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">How is slavery addressed in both the Greek and Roman civilizations? How is labor in general viewed in both of these societies?
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Achuff - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">In addition to the Persians, Greeks, and Romans, what other cultures existed in the Mediterranean basin during the Foundations time period?
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5;">Anyona - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">What were the significant architectural accomplishment of the Greeks and Romans?
 * Roman - <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">ability to construct elaborate arches so that buildings could carry great structural weight was unsurpassed anywhere int he world. These feats, too, would leave their mark, as Rome's huge edifices long served as a reminder of ancient glories.
 * Greek- <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> architecture from the eighth century B.C.E onward, emphasizes monumental construction, square or rectangular in shape, with columned porticos. The Greeks devised three embellishments for the top of columns supporting their massive buildings, each more ornate than the next: the Doric, the Ionic, and the Corinthian. The Greek, is short, invented what westerners and others in the world today still regard as classical architecture, although the Geeks themselves were influenced by Egyptian models in their preference. Greece and later Italy, provided abundant stone for ambitious temples, markets, and other political buildings. Many of the same structures are filled with sculptures workshops. They were brightly painted.

1. 1st Punic War-fought against people of Carthage (264-241 BC) -Fought to gain control of Sicily. -When Romans got to Sicily they had to fight Syracuse and won but in order to keep Sicily the Romans still had to fight the Carthaginians. -Romans/Carthaginians fought, it was one of the hardest sea battles in ancient times. -Romans won -After the war the Romans had lost almost all of their ships and almost all of their fleet. After a while the Carthaginians had invaded Spain, and Spain called for help to the Romans. 2. 2nd Punic War was fought (218-201 BC) -General Hannibal was Rome’s greatest enemy because he was the leader of the Carthaginians. General Hannibal was probably one of the greatest leaders of all time. -The Carthaginians surprised Rome when they decided to cross the Alps. The only setback for Carthage was when Hannibal decided to cross the Alps with forty thousand men and thirty-seven elephants, they lost nearly one-third of their army from cold and avalanches. -The Roman general at the time, Fabius Maximus, discovered what Hannibal was doing (not going into Rome but into southern Italy) and decided to burn all of the crops around that area so Hannibal’s army would starve. -The Romans ended up suffering the bloodiest and greatest loss in all of Roman History. -While all of this was going on the Romans and Carthaginians were still fighting in Spain. 3. The Romans were under the command of a general named Scipio who was a great general and had been studying Hannibal’s tactics for a long time. -The Romans ended up defeating the Carthaginians out of Spain. The Romans returned to Carthage to try and gain control of it. -Fifty years after the war ended, Carthage started to become very rich again and decided to fight the Romans again. -The two armies fought for three years and the Romans ended up defeating Carthage.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5;">Baker - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">War plays a significant role in the development of Rome. What were the significant wars and battles that took place in the Mediterranean Basin?


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Banfield - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Who wrote what, when, and what was the topic – i.e. Aristotle wrote //The Politics//.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Carlock - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What is Hellenism, and what impact does it have on the Western World?
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Cortes - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What were the Greek and Roman contributions to Western Civilization?
 * Romans developed advanced architecture, built on the Greek democratic government and established a sharing of the administration with checks and balances.
 * Greece had the first democracy, advanced mathematic discoveries and their language is base to modern day vocabulary.
 * Greeks developed the aches and domes and columns.
 * Greek philosophy, like Socrates' questioning of knowledge passed on throughout history.


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Davis - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What was the role of law in Rome? What innovations did the Romans create regarding law?
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Feagan - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Describe the changes that occur in the Roman government from the time of the Republic to the movement of the capital from Rome to Constantinople.

In the early Roman republic, the aristocracy, called patricians, dominated the politics. A Senate of patricians elected two consuls, who were the main rulers ohf the Republic. Lower-class citizens, called plebeians, had no power. In an emergency situation such as war, the Senate and consuls would appoint a temporary dictator to rule with all power. Over time, the plebeians gained power until they could be a part of the Senate or be a consul. Once the Roman Empire was established in 27 BC, the power of the Senate was lessened under emperors who coerced the members into doing what they wanted. The power of the consuls was lessened as well, since the main political power was in the emperor. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">About the Emperors <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">About Rome in general

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">About the Consuls

Social class in ancient Rome was hierarchical, but there were multiple and overlapping social hierarchies, and an individual's relative position in one might be higher or lower than in another. The status of freeborn Romans during the Republic was established by: ancestry (patrician or plebeian); census rank (ordo) based on wealth and political privilege, with the senatorial and equestrian ranks elevated above the ordinary citizen; attainment of honors (the novus homo or self-made man established his family as nobilis, "noble", and thus there were noble plebeians); and citizenship, of which there were grades with varying rights and privileges. Men who lived in towns outside Rome (such as municipia or colonies) might hold citizenship, but lack the right to vote (see ius Latinum); free-born Roman women were citizens, but could not vote or hold political office. There were also classes of non-citizens with different legal rights, such as peregrini. Under Roman law, slaves were considered property and had no rights as such. However, some laws regulated slavery and offered slaves protections not extended to other forms of property such as animals. Slaves who had been manumitted were freedmen (liberti), and for the most part enjoyed the same legal rights and protections as free-born citizens. Roman society was patriarchal in the purest sense; the male head of household (paterfamilias) held special legal powers and privileges that gave him jurisdiction (patria potestas) over all the members of his familia, a more encompassing term than its modern derivative "family" that included adult sons, his wife (but only in Rome's earlier history, when marriage cum manu was practiced), married daughters (in the Classical period of Roman history), and various relatives as well as slaves. The patron-client relationship (clientela), with the word patronus deriving from pater, "father", was another way in which Roman society was organized into hierarchical groups, though clientela also functioned as a system of overlapping social networks. A patron could be the client of a socially superior or more powerful patron; a client could have multiple patrons
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Fernandez - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What factors led Diocletian to divide the Roman Empire and establish the Tetrarchy?
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Franco - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What were the different social classes that existed in the Roman Empire? How well did they coexist, and what concessions were made by the upper classes to placate the lower classes?

Rome religion deteriorated because of conflicts between Christianity and Pagan gods. Constantine recognized Christianity as a religion. Because of him Christians wouldn't suffer persecutions for their beliefs. Rather ironically, later Christians would persecute Pagans. Nevertheless Pagans were afraid. They thought Roman gods would leave because of the Christians.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">French - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What were the impacts of the Hellenistic Empire on the Mediterranean Basin in particular, and on Western civilization in general?
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Ifasso - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Compare Roman government with Athenian government. How are they the same and how do they differ? The Athenain government was a direct democracy while the Roman government was a republic. In the Athenian government they has a asseblies where they would vote on laws and things like that while in the Roman government they would also have assembleis but only to vote on who would represent them. In both government only the men could be active in the assemblies or have political power. Women and slaves could not vote or be representatives.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Ingle - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What is the impact of Christianity on the Roman Empire? How does it compare with the impact of Buddhism on Han China?

In 376 A.D. the barbarians Huns north of the Danube turned to their civilized rival, the Romans, and begged for protection. For a far more barbaric tribe was coming. Perhaps no other people have struck greater fear in the west than the Huns. In the end of the fourth century the Huns seemed to have materialized out of nowhere and crushed they way into the Hungarian plains. From there they extended their domains south of the Danube River, into Gaul and then northern Italy, leaving a trail of destruction and terror wherever they went.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Juell - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What is the impact of the Hun Migration on civilization?

It defines a government divided among four people. It stared in Rome in 293 C.E. by Diocletian. It lasted until about 313 C.E. when conflicts arose and people couldn't claim their power, leaving Constantine in the West and Licinius in the East. They believed that you started off as nothing, became something at birth, and when you die you return to being nothing. They really believe in the afterlife besides their geek/roman myths. This wasn't satisfying enough in terms of what your life meant. The new religion Christianity received lots of interest due to it giving a meaning to life and giving a person a satisfying afterlife of going to heaven <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">King - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What is the Tetarchy?
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Kossia - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What were the humanist philosophies of both Greece and Rome? How do these philosophies leave Greece and Rome open to growth of Christianity?
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Latham - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">How do the various religions – both Oriental and Occidental – compare to each other across a variety of subjects – i.e. tenets, views of the world, view of nature, the creation, salvation...
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Mattes - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What were the significant contributions of Rome to Western society?
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Measom - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What’s a barbarian <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">? In the clash between sedentary <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> and nomadic <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> society, what advantages does each side possess over the other?

A barbarian is a person who is perceived as uncivilized. It is usually used to describe a member of a a nomadic society as seen by a sedentary society. They are usually seen as inferior, because they do not share the same culture as the sedentary society. Barbarian comes from a greek word that literally means "whoever is not greek is a barbarian".

Sedentary societies-advantages Nomadic societies-advantages
 * increases contacts and trade
 * rise in population
 * stable food supply
 * task specialization
 * new inventions
 * you don't have to move all the time
 * permanent living quarter (put more money and time into their homes)
 * sophisticated Religions
 * greater gender equality
 * less physical work
 * more freedom
 * communal land and ownership

Rome was way too large. So much land, not enough people, the Romans had been attacked and attacked by barbarians like Atillia the Hun. Rome had been sacked,and the Roman soldier, fighting for his nation was gone. Instead, there was barbarian mercenaries fighting in the colors of Rome, who felt no real desire to save Rome. The downfall of the Western Han dynasty was mainly due to emperors who neglected their duties.After the Han Xuan emperor died,there not a single emperor after him that was serious about the political and economic conditions of China.However,people only started to rebel after Wang Mang implemented new economic policies that increase the backwardness of the economic conditions in China instead of improving it like he initially thought. The Han Dynasty and Roman Empire were not only similar during there prosperous times, but also during the fall of both empires. They were both affected by Internal problems like disease, and corrupt politicians; while they were also affected by external problems like Nomadic invasions.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Murray - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">What factors lead to the fall of the Roman Empire? What leads to the demise of the Han Empire? Are the two events related, and if so, how? The cause of the fall of Rome consists of 3 facts leading to it.