Unit+03+Review+-+Islam

====**While a bunch of folks Bedouin comes from the Arabic word for Desert (Bedi). The Bedouins are the people of the Arabian desert who live as nomadic families. Most Bedouins today are Moslem, but "the Bedouins" were not anave done their part, there is still a large population of non-editors out there. While I certainly appreciate the effort of everyone who has posted thus far, I'm concerned that many of your answers are too short. Y'all might want to look at the thoroghness of your responses and ask yourselves if there's enough information to prepare for my questions. **====

** AP World History – Trimester [A] **
__Directions__: Answer the following review questions on another sheet of paper (You don’t have to rewrite the questions, but it would be nice if you could number them correctly). The Identification Questions are there for your edification only, you don’t **HAVE** to answer them, but it will help your grade if you know the Who, What, When, Where, and Why for each of these items. = Identification: =
 * Achuff - ** Mohammad-was a religious, political, and military leader[ from Mecca who unified Arabia into a single religious polity under Islam. He is believed by Muslims and Bahá'ís to be a messenger and prophet of God. Muhammad is almost universally considered by Muslims as the last prophet sent by God for mankind.

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Banfield - Uthman Was one of the companions of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. He played a major role in Islamic history, as he was the third of the Sunni Rashidun (Rightly Guided Caliphs). Under his leadership, the empire expanded into Fars in 650 (present-day Iran), some areas of Khorasan (present-day Afghanistan) in 651 and the conquest of Armenia was begun in the 640s.
 * Anyona - ** Ali- was the cousin and son-in-law of Islamic prophet Muhammad, ruling over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661. A son of Abu Talib, Ali was also the first male who accepted Islam. Sunnis consider Ali the fourth and final of the //Rashidun// (rightly guided Caliphs), while Shias regard Ali as the first Imam and consider him and his descendants the rightful successors to Muhammad, all of whom are members of the //Ahl al-Bayt//, the household of Muhammad. This disagreement split the //Ummah// (Muslim community) into the Sunni and Shia branches. Muslim sources, especially Shia ones, state that Ali was the only person born in the Kaaba sanctuary in Mecca, the holiest place in Islam. His father was Abu Talib and his mother was Fatima bint Asad, but he was raised in the household of Muhammad, who himself was raised by Abu Talib, Muhammad's uncle and Ali's father. When Muhammad reported receiving a divine revelation, Ali was the first male to accept his message, dedicating his life to the cause of Islam. (Brigid: I went ahead and took out the links myself; they made it very hard to read.) =====
 * Ba ** ker - Abu Bakr


 * Carlock - ** Umar

A Caliph in Medina from 634-644. He was born in Mecca and became a merchant, taking on the trade of his father. When Muhammad introduced Islam to the people of Mecca, he was a huge advocate of the traditional polytheistic religion of Arabia and went to try to kill Muhammad. He ended up converting to Islam and migrated to Medina with the rest of the Muslims. After Muhammad died, he established the Caliphate and became the second Caliph (after Abu Bakr) in 634 CE. During his reign, he conquered the Sassanid Persian Empire (and was later assassinated by them), established a stable political structure, and began Bayt al-mal, a welfare system.


 * Cortes - **
 * Davis - ** Shi’a: The Shia represent the second largest sect of Islam after Sunni Islam and comprise approximately 10% of Muslims worldwide. Adherents of Shia Islam are called the Shi'a as a collective or Shi'i individually. Shi'i Islam is based on the Quran and the message of the Islamic prophet Muhammad attested in hadith recorded by the Shia, and certain books deemed sacred to the Shia.
 * Feagan - ** Sufism: The mystical way of approaching of Islam. They are very devout and follow the five pillars very closely. Their core principles are tawakkul (absolute trust in God) and tawhid (there is no deity but God), and their motivation is to become as close as they can to God.They've been an important part of the spread of Islam, especially in Africa and Asia.

A modern city in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia, and the capital of Al Madinah Province. An alternative name is Madinat Al-Nabi ("The City of the Prophet," i.e. Muhammad). The Arabic word madinah simply means "city." Before the advent of Islam, the city was known as Yathrib but was personally renamed by Muhammad.
 * Fernandez - ** Mecca
 * Franco - ** Medina

It is the second holiest city in Islam after Mecca and the burial place of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. Medina is critically significant in Islamic History for being where Muhammad's final religious base was established after the Hijrah and where he died in 632 AD/11 AH. Medina was the power base of Islam in its first century, being where the early Muslim community (ummah) developed under the Prophet's leadership, then under the leadership of the first four caliphs of Islam: Abu Bakr, Omar, Othman and Ali.

Medina is home to the three oldest mosques in Islam, namely Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (The Prophet's Mosque), Quba Mosque (the first mosque in Islam's history), and Masjid al-Qiblatain (The Mosque of the Two Qiblahs - the mosque where the direction of Muslim prayer, or qiblah, was switched from Jerusalem to Mecca).

Similarly to Mecca, entrance to the sacred core of Medina (but not the entire city) is restricted to Muslims only; non-Muslims are permitted neither to enter nor cross through the city center.

Muslims believe that the final chapters (surahs) of the Qur'an chronologically were revealed to the Prophet in Medina and are called Medinan surahs in contrast to earlier Meccan surahs.

The main thing is Helping people,people are equal to each other,humanity and The Five Pillars of Wisdom are-
 * French - ** the Five Pillars of Wisdom
 * 1) Praying five times a day towards Mecca (The holiest city of Islam)
 * 2) Belief in one god (monotheistic)
 * 3) Charity to the poor
 * 4) Fasting for Ramadan (The ninth month of the Islamic calender; Month of fasting; the holiest period for Islamic faith
 * 5) Hajj (The journey to Mecca made during the month of Dhu al-Hijaa, by Muslims at least once in their lifetime, following the path of Muhammad traveling to Mecca, the site of the kaaba which is a black rock thought to be sent down by god.) see the related question for more info on why Hajj is an obligation)
 * Ifasso - ** the //Hegira-// also the Hijra or Hijrat was the migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his follwers from Mecca to Medina between June 21 and July 2 622 AD

The Umayyads continued the Muslim conquests, incorporating the Caucasus, Transoxiana, Sind, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) into the Muslim world. At its greatest extist, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 5.79 million square miles (15,000,000 km2), making it the largest empire the world had yet seen, and the fifth largest ever to exist.
 * Ingle - ** Umayyad Clan- The Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad.


 * Juell - ** Sharia

Sharia is the moral code and religious law of islam. Sharia deals with many topics addressed by secular law, including crime, politics, and economics, as well as personal matters such as sexual intercourse,hygiene, diet, prayer, and fasting. Though interpretations of sharia vary between cultures, in its strictest definition it is considered the infallible law of god—as opposed to the human interpretation of the laws.

(May 18th, 1048 - December 4th, 1131) Persian philosopher, mathematician, astronomer and poet. Born in Nishapur, Iran. Wrote one of the most important books on algebra before modern times, //Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra//. His poetic and scientific works are more widely known than his philosophy and teachings. He had a major impact on English-speaking scholars such as Thomas Hyde and Edward FitzGerald. Khayyam's mausoleum is considered a masterpiece of Iranian Architecture. ** (There's a picture under Documents!) ** The story goes that every day Shahryar (Persian:شهریار‎, "king") would marry a new virgin, and every day he would send yesterday's wife to be beheaded. This was done in anger, having found out that his first wife was unfaithful to him. He had killed 1,000 such women by the time he was introduced to Scheherazade, the vizier's daughter.In Sir Richard Burton's translation of The Nights, Scheherazade was described in this way:"[Scheherazade] had perused the books, annals and legends of preceding Kings, and the stories, examples and instances of bygone men and things; indeed it was said that she had collected a thousand books of histories relating to antique races and departed rulers. She had perused the works of the poets and knew them by heart; she had studied philosophy and the sciences, arts and accomplishments; and she was pleasant and polite, wise and witty, well read and well bred."Against her father's wishes, Scheherazade volunteered to spend one night with the King. Once in the King's chambers, Scheherazade asked if she might bid one last farewell to her beloved sister,Dinazade, who had secretly been prepared to ask Scheherazade to tell a story during the long night. The King lay awake and listened with awe as Scheherazade told her first story. The night passed by, and Scheherazade stopped in the middle of the story. The King asked her to finish, but Scheherazade said there was not time, as dawn was breaking. So, the King spared her life for one day to finish the story the next night. So the next night, Scheherazade finished the story, and then began a second, even more exciting tale which she again stopped halfway through, at dawn. So the King again spared her life for one day to finish the second story.And so the King kept Scheherazade alive day by day, as he eagerly anticipated the finishing of last night's story. At the end of 1,001 nights, and 1,000 stories, Scheherazade told the King that she had no more tales to tell him. During these 1,001 nights, the King had fallen in love with Scheherazade, and had three sons with her. So, having been made a wiser and kinder man by Scheherazade and her tales, he spared her life, and made her his Queen. February 25, 1304 – 1368 or 1369
 * King - ** Omar Khayyam
 * Kossia - ** Scheherazade
 * Latham - ** Harun al Rashid
 * Mattes - ** Ibn Khaldun
 * Measom - ** Ibn Battuta

Was a famous Muslim traveler, he started his travels at the age 20 to go on a Hajj, a pilgrimage to mecca. Later he traveled for his own sake and joy He traveled for about 29 years and visited the equivalent of 44 modern countries. Along the way he had many adventure and love scandals. His stories were recorded the book, the Rihlah he was considered one of the greatest travelers of all time. the people of the dhimma") is a historical[|[1]] term referring to non-[|Muslim] citizens of an [|Islamic state].[|[1]] Dhimma allows rights of residence in return for taxes.[|[2]] According to scholars, dhimmis had their rights fully protected in their communities, but as citizens in the Islamic state, had certain restrictions.[|[3]] They were excused or excluded from specific duties assigned to Muslims, did not enjoy certain political rights reserved to Muslims, and were subject to payment of a special tax ([|jizyah]), but were otherwise equal under the laws of property, contract and obligation.[|[4]]
 * Murray - **//dhimmis-//
 * Nguyen - **// Zakat - Alms giving or charitable giving by Muslims based on accumulated wealth, and obligatory for all who are able to give away. //
 * Nugen - ** Hajj- an [|Islamic] pilgrimage to [|Mecca] . It is one of the [|five pillars of Islam], and a [|religious duty] which must be carried out by every able-bodied [|Muslim] who can afford to do so at least once in his or her lifetime.


 * Rabe - ** Damascus- is a town commonly know in Syria as Ash-Sham, nicknamed the city of jasmine. Capital and 2nd largest city in Syria. It is one of the oldest inhabited cities and is also major cultural and religious centers of the levant.

Saladin was born in Tikrate and of Kurdish ancestry. Saladsin defeated the Crusades and recaptured Jerusalem in 1187. He signed a peacy tresty and saved many christians lives. Reigned as the King of England from July 6 1189 until his death and also ruled as Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Gascony, Count of Anjou, Lord of Cyprus, Count of Maine, Count of Nantes, and Overlord of Brittany. Widely known as a great warrior and military leader. Richard the Lionheart as a undertook the role as being the central Christian commander during the Third Crusade, leading the capaign after the departure of Philip the second and becoming victorious against Saladin, his Muslim countepart. Before the Crusade, him and Philip the Second agreed to go on he Third Crusade and Richard started to raise and equip a new crusader army by spending money from the treasury, raising taxes, and other financial methods of gaining money. He set on his Third Crusdae in the summer 1190 and arrived in April 1191 with a large fleet to Acre with his army to later arrive in the port of Lemesos on Cyprus. He eventually took over the island and the island occupies a key strategic position on the maritime lanes to the Holy Land, whose occupation by the Christians could not continue without support from the Sea. Cyprus remained a Christian stronghold until the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. Richard's exploit was well publicised and contributed to his reputation and also derived significant financial gains from the conquest of the island. He was the most prominent ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire, as he conquered the eastern iranian lands and the northwestern Indian subcontinent from 997 to his death in 1030. He was the first person to carry the Sultan title, signifying the extent of his power, though preserving the ideological link to the suzerainty of the Caliph.
 * Resendiz - ** Abu al - Abbas
 * Celina - ** Mehmed II
 * Crystal - ** Saladin-
 * Siraphet - ** Richard I (8 September 1157 - 6 April 1199)
 * Suarez - ** Osman Bey nickname "kara".. bravery. Leader of the Ottoman Turks, and the founder of the dynasty that established and ruled the Ottoman State, would prevail as a world empire [2] for almost six centuries. It existed until 1 November 1922, after being in serious decline since the early 18th century.
 * Traylor - ** Harsha was an Indian emperor who ruled northern India from 606 to 647. He was the son of Prabhakara Vardhana and the younger brother of Rajya Vardhana, a king of Thanesar, Haryana. At the height of his power his kingdom spanned the Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Bengal, Odisha and the entire Indo-Gangetic plain north of the Narmada River. After the downfall of the prior Gupta Empire in the middle of the 6th century, North India reverted to small republics and small monarchical states ruled by Gupta rulers. Harsha was a convert to Buddhism. He united the small republics from Punjab to central India, and their representatives crowned Harsha king at an assembly in April 606 giving him the title of Maharaja when he was merely 16 years old.
 * Achuff - ** Firdawsi -was a highly revered Persian poet. He is the author of the Shahnameh, the national epic of Iran and the Persian-speaking world.
 * Anyona - **// Ulamma //
 * Baker - **// jizya //
 * Banfield - ** Mahmud of Ghazni
 * Carlock - ** Muhammad Ibn Qasim He was commander of the invasion on Sindh in 711 AD. His forces defeated Raja Dahar and spent 3 days slaughtering men. He allowed religious tolerance to establish law and order in his conquered territory. In Iraq Salih imprisoned him in Wasit where he died in 715 AD.
 * Cortes - ** Muhammad of Ghur
 * Davis - ** Baghdad: is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, which it is also coterminous with. With a municipal population estimated at 7,000,000, it is the largest city in Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo).Located on the Tigris River, the city dates back to at least the eighth century, with some evidence of its existence in pre-Islamic times. With a name meaning "God's gift," or “City of Peace,” Baghdad was a hub of learning and commerce in the eighth century, as the capital of the Abbasid Islamic empire. The city was sacked by the Mongols, it stagnated under Ottoman control, it prospered during the 1970s, but it has been a center of violent conflict since 2003, because of the ongoing Iraq War.
 * Feagan - ** Sundiata: The founder of the Mali Empire in 1235. He began the Keita Dynasty. People in West Africa tell an epic about him and how he defeated the tyrant Samanguru. Once he was king, he converted to Islam to show the many merchants of the area that he would protect their religion.
 * Fernandez - ** Mansa Musa
 * Franco - ** Sunni Ali was the first king of the Songhai Empire, located in west Africa and the 15th ruler of the Sonni dynasty. Under Sunni Ali's infantry and cavalry many cities were captured and then fortified, such as Timbuktu (captured in 1468) and Djenné (captured in 1475). Sonni conducted a repressive policy against the scholars of Timbuktu, especially those of the Sankore region who were associated with the Tuareg whom Ali expelled to gain control of the town.

The Shahnameh, "The Book of Kings") is a long epic poem written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi between c. 977 and 1010 CE and is the national epic of Iran (Persia) and the Persian speaking world. Consisting of some 50,000 verses, the Shahnameh tells mainly the mythical and to some extent the historical past of the Persian empire from the creation of the world until the Islamic conquest of Persia in the 7th century. Today Iran, Persian speakers of the neighboring nations such as Afghanistan and Tajikistan, and the greater region influenced by the Persian culture celebrate this national epic.
 * French - **// Shah - Nama //

** Ifasso - **// dar al - Islam // - it literally means house of Islam. It is a term used by Muslim scholar to refer to those countries where Muslims can practice their religion freely. The area of the world under the rule of Islam. Most Dar al-Islam are surounded by other Islamic societies to make sure that there is public protection.
 * Ingle - ** harem- refers to the sphere of women in what is usually a polygynous household and their enclosed quarters which are forbidden to men. It originated in the Near East and is typically associated in the Western world with the Ottoman Empire.

**__ Review Questions: __**
** Murray - ** What was the Umayyad response to migration to Medina, and his subsequent success there? Mecca and Medina went to war, resulting in the eventual victory of Muhammad and the Medina clans > 6 Culture > The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Clement II in 1095, with the stated purpose of driving the Seljuk Turks out of Anatolia, where they were threatening the Eastern Roman Empire, centered in Constantinople. In this the Crusaders were largely unsuccessful, as theTurks were much better organized and led. Very soon, Crusaders changed their goals from preserving the Empire to conquering Jerusalem from Muslim control. They were partially successful in this, setting up several Crusader States - European-controlled enclaves in modern day Israel, Lebanon and Syria. Some remained in European control for nearly 200 years, but they were eventually reabsorbed by Turks and Arabs. During the First Crusade a sideline of the action was the wholesale persecution of Jews in occupied areas. Some were forced to convert to Christianity, some were killed, and many were robbed of whatever possessions they had. Many consider this the first large antisemitic pogrom of the Christian era. __**Muhammad Ibn Qaism (c. 695-18 July 715):**__ Was a Umayyad general who conquered the Sindh and Punjab regions along the Indus River that is now part of Pakistan for the Umayyad Caliphate and was born and raised in the city of Taif in moder day Saudi Arabia. His conquest of Sindh and Punjab enabled further Islamic expansion into South Asia. Hes was made governor of Persia, where he succeeded in putting down a rebellion. Due to his close relationship with Hajjaj, Muhammad's paternal uncle, Bin Qasim was executed afther the accesion of Caliph Sulayman Ibn Abd al-Malik. __** Mahmud of Ghanzi (November 971-30 April 1030): **__ Was the prominent ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire and in the name of Islam, he conquered the eastern Iranian lands and the northwestern Indian subcontinent from 997 to his death in 1030.With the former provincial city of Ghazna, he turned it into the a rich capital of vast areas which covered most of today's Afghanistan, eastern Iran, Pakistan and norhtwestern India. During his reign, he invaded and conquered parts of Hindustan seventeen times. He was also the first rulter to carry the title Sultan, signifying the extent of his power, though preserving the ideological link to the suzeraintty of the Caliph. __** Muhammad of Ghur (1150-March 15, 1206): **__ He is one of the rulers of the Ghurid dynasty from the famous house of Sur who were rulers of ghor for five hundred years. Muhammad is known for with laying the foundation of Islamic occupation in India that lated fro several centuries. The lands that he controlled span from present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India. He sieged the city of Ghazni to avenge the death of his ancestor Muhammad Suri at the hands of Mahmud of Ghazni and used it as a lunching-pad for expansion into norther India in 1173. He also assisted his brother Ghiyasuddin in his contest with the Khwarezmid Empire for the lordship of Horasan in Western Asia and in 1175, Ghori captured Multan fro the Hamid Ludi dynastry which was also Pashtun but were alleged to be un-Islamic. Muhammad then annexed the Ghaznavid principality of Hahore in 1186, the last haven of his Afghan but non-Pashun Pesianized rivals. He later became the successor fo the Ghurid Empire and ruled until his assassination in 1296 near Jhelum in moder-day Pakistan. >
 * 1) ** Juell - ** What does Islam mean? The Arabic word Islam simply means “submission”, and derives from a word meaning “peace”. In a religious context it means complete submission to the will of God. “Muhammedanism” is thus a misnomer because it suggests that Muslims worship Muhammad rather than God.
 * 2) ** King - ** Which areas of the globe were impacted by Islam? All areas of the globe have been impacted by Islam, but majority of Islamic people are found in East Africa and the Middle East.
 * 3) ** Kossia - ** Who were the Bedouins? Bedouin comes from the Arabic word for Desert (Bedi). The Bedouins are the people of the Arabian desert who live as nomadic families. Most Bedouins today are Moslem, but "the Bedouins" were not analliance or movement that is specific to Islam or that had a definitive impact in the development of Islam.
 * 4) ** Latham - ** What clan controlled Mecca?
 * 5) ** Mattes - ** What was the Ka’ba?
 * 6) ** Measom - ** What is the //Hegira//? AKA as Hijra. Muhammad's departure from Mecca to Medina in AD 622, to escape persecution by the Umayyads in Mecca. He went to medina because he had friendly and accepting relatives there. Also marks the consolidation of the first Muslim community. Known as the starting point of the Muslim era.
 * 1) ** Nguyen - ** Identify the Five Pillars of Islam. - Declaring that there is no other God except for God, praying, fasting, giving things away, pilgrimage to Mecca.
 * 2) ** Nugen - ** What were the motivations of the Muslim conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries?
 * 3) ** Rabe - ** What territories came under Muslim rule?
 * Iberian Penninsula
 * Granada
 * Spain
 * Andulusa
 * 1) ** Resendiz - ** What happened to Islam after Mohammad’s death? (don’t take the easy explanation here, and say that it grew)
 * 2) ** Celina - ** What’s a Caliph?
 * 3) ** Crystal - ** What is the difference between Sunni and Shi’a Islam?
 * 4) ** Siraphet **** - ** What is the significance of Damascus?  The significance of the Damascus is that under the ruling of the Umayyads, it was the political center of community in Syria, where the Umayyads chose to live after the murder of Uthman. With Damascus, there was a succession of caliphs who were Umayyads and those caliphs strove to build a bureaucracy that would bind together the vast domains they claimed to rule. With Arabic as the official language of Damascus, giving an advantage of the Muslim minority of the city over the Aramaic-speaking Christians in administrative affairs. At that time Damascus was conquered by the Muslims, the majority of Arabs were either pagans or Christians. Damascus itself was predominantly Aramaic with Arab speaking people. Another significance of Damascus is the Grand Mosque of Damascus that was completed in 715. By 750, Damascus became eclipsed and subordinated by Baghdad as the new Islamic capital under the rule of the Abbasids.
 * 5) ** Suarez - ** What is a Mawali? Originally the term mawla (singular of mawali) referred to a party with whom one had an egalitarian relationship, such as a relative, ally, or friend, but the term eventually came to designate a party with whom one had an unequal relationship, such as master, manumitter, and patron, and slave, freedman, and client
 * 6) ** Traylor - ** To where did the Abbasids move the political center of their empire? The Abbasids moved their political center of their empire to Baghdad from Syria after a victory over the Umayyads. The next five centuries of their newly established empire would influence many events of Islamic history.
 * 7) ** Achuff - ** What were the cultural, scientific, advancements of the various Muslim empires? How did (and do) those advancements impact other cultures – particularly the West? 3 Science
 * 1 Scientific method(
 * 2 Mathematics(
 * 3 Physics(
 * 4 Medicine(
 * 1 Art(
 * 2 Architecture(
 * 1) ** Anyona - ** Who were the Ayan?
 * 2) ** Baker - ** What was the status of artisans in Islamic cities?
 * 3) ** Banfield - ** Why and how did the status of women decline under Islam? - The treatment of women after the rise of Islam was not exactly "bad" at all (early on) but eventually began to decline with the veiling of women and the confinement of women to their houses. Muhammad and the actual religion of Islam were far more favorable to the status of women. For example, it does not say ANYWHERE in the Qu'ran that women must wear veils, but it was more of a social norm adopted by the people.
 * 4) ** Carlock - ** Compare the decline of the Abbasids to the decline of the Roman Empire. Why was the Roman decline more severe?
 * 5) ** Cortes - ** How do the Umayyad and Abbasid empires compare in political, economic, cultural, military, artistic, and scientific terms?
 * 6) ** Davis - ** What is the fictional account of the Abbasid court during the time of al - Rashid? :The Tale of The Thousand and One Nights
 * 7) ** Feagan - ** What is the result of the civil wars following the death of al - Rashid?  Al-Rashid's sons Al-Mamun and Al-Amin fought after his death for the succession of the Caliphate. The 18 years it lasted is called the Fourth Fitna or Great Abbasid Civil War, and the result was that Al-Mamun became the new Caliph after smashing Al-Amin's army and beheading him. There were several revolts afterwards, and Al-Mamun had to make new military divisions and reorganize the political order by giving the Abbasid Dynasty less power and giving local dynasties more power.
 * 8) ** Fernandez - ** What role did women play in Arab Islamic society? How did that compare to life before Islam?
 * 9) ** Franco - ** What was the harem? refers to the sphere of women in what is usually a polygynous household and their enclosed quarters which are forbidden to men. It originated in the near east and is typically associated in the Western world with the ottoman empire. For the South Asian equivalent, see purdah and zenan.
 * 10) ** French - ** What was the attitude of the Abbasids toward slavery?
 * 11) ** Ifasso - ** Why were the practices of seclusion and veiling seen as essential in Islamic society? ** Women were belived to have the impossible to satisfy lust from which men has to be protected from. **
 * 12) ** Ingle - ** When did women usually enter into marriage during the Abbasid dynasty?
 * 13) ** Juell - ** What was written by Omar Khayyam, and why is it significant? The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyámis a lyric poem in quatrains (four-line stanzas). Rather than telling a story with characters, a lyric poem presents the deep feelings and emotions of the poet on subjects such as life, death, love, and religion. The Rubáiyátwas published in March 1859 but received little attention. However, after poet Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-1882) read and praised it in 1860, the poem became highly popular. FitzGerald revised it four times thereafter so that there are five published editions of the poem in all. This study guide uses the first edition. Some changes FitzGerald incorporated in subsequent editions are significant, as in the wording of the eleventh stanza in the first edition, which became the twelfth stanza in the fifth:
 * 14) ** King - ** What was written by Scheherazade, and why is it important? Scheherazade is a legendary Persian queen and the storyteller of One Thousand And One Nights. The story goes that a king was betrayed by his wife, and out of anger, married someone new everyday, and then killed them in the night. One of these women, was Scheherazade. She began telling the king a story in the middle of the night, and promised to finish the next night. He was so entranced by the story, he let her live the next night, and so on and so forth for 1,001 nights. By the 1,001th night, she'd run out of stories. The king had fallen in love with her and had 3 sons with her by this time, so he spared her life.
 * 15) ** Kossia - ** Who were the major Muslim historians, and what did they write?Abu Bakr bin Yahya al-Suli (d. 946)Ali al-Masudi (d. 955) - The Meadows of GoldSinan ibn Thabit (d. 976)al-Saghani (d. 990), one of the earliest historians of scienceIbn Miskawayh (d. 1030)al-Utbi (d. 1036)Hilal ibn al-Muhassin al-Sabi' (d. 1056)al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (d. 1071) - Tarikh Baghdad(a biographical dictionary of major Baghdadi figures)Abolfazl Beyhaqi (995-1077) - Tarikh-e Mas'oudi(also known as "Tarikh-e Beyhaqi").[1]Abu'l-Faraj ibn al-Jawzi (d. 1201)Ibn al-Athir (1160–1231) - al-Kamil fi'l-TarikhMuhammad bin Ali Rawandi (c.1204) Rahat al-sudur, (a history of the Great Seljuq Empire and its break-up into minor beys)Zahiriddin Nasr Muhammad Aufi (d. 1242)Sibt ibn al-Jawzi (d. 1256)Hamdollah Mostowfi (d. 1281)Ibn Bibi (d. after 1281)Ata al-Mulk Juvayni (1283)Ibn al-Tiqtaqa (d. after 1302)Ibn al-Fuwati (d. 1323)Wassaf (d. 1323)Rashid-al-Din Hamadani (d. 1398) - Jami al-TawarikhSharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi (d. 1454)Mirkhond (d. 1498) - Rauzât-us-safâ
 * 16) ** Latham - ** Who were the Buyids, the Seljuks, and the Ottomans?
 * 17) ** Mattes - ** What group captured Baghdad in 1055?
 * 18) =====** Measom - ** In what year was Jerusalem captured by the European Crusaders? Jerusalem was captured when armies of Christians from Western Europe responded to Pope Urban II's plea to go to war against Muslim forces in the Holy Land. The First Crusade achieved its goal with the capture of Jerusalem in 1099, the invading Christians set up several Latin Christian states, even as Muslims in the region vowed to wage holy war (jihad) to regain control over the region . Deteriorating relations between the Crusaders and their Christian allies in the Byzantine Empire culminated in the sack of Constantinople in 1204 during the Third Crusade. =====
 * 19) =====** Murray - **Why was the First Crusade so successful?=====
 * 1) ** Nguyen - ** What was the impact of the Crusades on the West? -More Europeans wanted to trade more often and things such as silk, spices, sugar, art, and literature. Trade routes were established, new markets opened up, and shipbuilding was improved.
 * 2) ** Nugen - ** What was the impact of the Crusades on Islam?
 * 3) ** Rabe - ** What group captured Baghdad in 1258? Mongols
 * 4) ** Resendiz - ** How did Islam spread throughout India and Southeast Asia?
 * 5) ** Celina - ** How well does Islam coexist with Hinduism? How does that compare with Judaism and Christianity?
 * 6) ** Crystal - ** What is the chronology of the various Muslim empires in India?
 * 7) ** Siraphet - ** What is the significance of Muhammad Ibn Qasim, Mahmud of Ghazni, and Muhammad of Ghur?
 * 1) ** Suarez - ** What lands were dominated by the Muslims, and what areas remained under Hindu control? predominant religion in the Middle East, the Sahel, the Horn of Africa, North Africa and some parts of Asia. Large communities of Muslims are also found in China, the Balkans, and Russia.
 * 2) ** Traylor - ** What is Truth? The truth is indisputable.
 * 3) ** Achuff - ** How did Islam spread into Sub - Saharan Africa?- Largely by trade on both coasts from about the first millennium. A large part of the trade was in slaves until the Europeans took over in the 16th century.
 * 4) ** Anyona - ** What is a stateless society- A ** stateless society ** is a [|society] that is not governedby a [|state] . In stateless societies, there is little [|concentration] of [|authority] ; most positions of authority that do exist are very limited in [|power] and are generally not permanently held positions; and social bodies that resolve disputes through predefined rules tend to be small. Stateless societies are highly variable in economic organization, and cultural practices. In some regions nominal state authorities may be very weak and wield [|little or no actual power] . Over history most stateless peoples have been [|integrated with the state-based societies around them].
 * 1) ** Baker - ** What caused the Bantu migrations?
 * 2) ** Banfield - ** Where in Africa would you find Axum, and what is it? - Axum is a city in northern Ethiopia that was originally the capital of the Kingdom of Axum. It was a naval and trading power that ruled the region from about 400 BC well into the 10th century. It is believed that after the 7th century, it began a slow decline due partly to Islamic groups contesting trade routes. Before its decline, it was also the center of the marine trading power known as the Aksumite Kingdom, which predated the earliest mentions in Roman era writings.
 * 3) ** Carlock - ** What region of Africa first converted to Islam by 700? North Africa
 * 4) ** Cortes - ** Where in Africa was the influence of Islam most profound?
 * 5) ** Davis - ** Who led the Malinke expansion that created the Mali Empire?:Mandinka of Manden is credited with beginning malinke expansion and creating malie empire.
 * 6) ** Feagan - ** Who created the kingdom of Ghana and when?  The Soninke people founded the Ghana Empire in 790. The empire was built on top of gold and so ended up being a very powerful trading place. The area was a pretty dangerous place, so in exchange for taxes and tariffs on them, the merchants were protected by the government. The army had iron weapons, where everyone else in the area had wood and ivory, so they were strong in military as well.
 * 7) ** Fernandez - ** Who created the Songhai Empire and when
 * 8) ** Franco - ** Where were the Swahili city states?
 * 9) ** French - ** What Sudanic kingdom declined in 1076?
 * 10) ** Ifasso - ** How did the combination of trade and Islam impact Sub - Saharan Africa? It brought large areas of Africa into more intensive contact with the global community. ( I'm having trouble changing the color from a phone so whoever wants to change the color can. ). You're Welcome -<3 Ibrianna
 * 11) ** Ingle - ** What were the gold and salt empires..
 * 12) ** Juell - ** What were the Central African kingdoms, and why were they significant?
 * 13) ** King - ** How did contact with the Muslim world affect the African slave trade?
 * 14) ** Kossia - ** What constitutes a civilization?