Unit+05+Review+-+China,+the+Mongols,+and+the+Pacific+Rim

Questions for China, the Mongols, and the Pacific Rim AP World History – Fall [A] = Identification: = Batu Khan was a Mongol ruler and founder of the Ulus of Jochi (or Golden Horde), the sub-khanate of the Mongol Empire. Batu was a son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. His ulus was the chief state of the Golden Horde (or Kipchak Khanate), which ruled Rus, Volga Bulgaria, Cumania, and the Caucasus for around 250 years, after also destroying the armies of Poland and Hungary. "Batu" or "Bat" literally means "firm" in the Mongolian language. After the deaths of Genghis Khan's sons, he became the most respected prince called agha (elder brother) in the Mongol Empire. Mongol leader Genghis Khan (1162-1227) rose from humble beginnings to establish the largest land empire in history. After uniting the nomadic tribes of the Mongolian plateau, he conquered huge chunks of central Asia and China. His descendents expanded the empire even further, advancing to such far-off places as Poland, Vietnam, Syria and Korea. At their peak, the Mongols controlled between 11 and 12 million contiguous square miles, an area about the size of Africa. Many people were slaughtered in the course of Genghis Khan’s invasions, but he also granted religious freedom to his subjects, abolished torture, encouraged trade and created the first international postal system. Genghis Khan died in 1227 during a military campaign against the Chinese kingdom of Xi Xia. His final resting place remains unknown. Daimyo were the feudal lords and landowners during the Period of Warring Daimyos in Japan. They came into power by overthrowing the Ashikaga Shogunate in 1477. The system of feudalism during this time was very similar to Western European feudalism in religion (Buddhism and Christianity), honor and chivalry, and economic practices. Before they took over, the daimyos were called bushi under the shogun, and were the warrior-leaders who built up armies of samurai due to the growing weakness of the Bakufu.
 * Directions **: The Identification Questions will help your grade if you know the Who, What, When, Where, and Why for each of these items. Be thorough answering the Review Questions. Many of them require answers of more than five contiguous sentences. If your response is only one or two simple sentences, then you’re probably not including enough information. Remember to eliminate the links if you’re copying and pasting from other sources.
 * Achuff - **Ashikaga Shogunate
 * Anyona ** - **Bakufu-**Military rule of the country by a hereditary shogun, as opposed to rule by the imperial court and the emperor. There have been three periods of bakufu government in Japanese history: Minamoto Yoritomo established the Kamakura bakufu Kamakura period at the end of the 12th century, Ashikaga Takauji established the Muromachi bakufu Muromachi period) in the early 14th century, and Tokugawa Ieyasu established the Edo bakufu (//see// Tokugawa period) at the beginning of the 17th century. The Edo bakufu was the most successful, a time of peace and prosperity that lasted over 250 years. //See also// daimyo; Hojo family; jito.
 * Baker - **Battle of Kulikova
 * Banfield - **Batu
 * Carlock - **Berke - He was an important figure in the Mongol world in the mid-1200s. Berke khan was the leader of the Golden Horde, he was sent to the North Caucacus Mountains and Eastern Europe to subdue the Kipchak Turks. On his way back home he stopped in Bukhara and questioned Muslims about their beliefs which caused him to become the first Mongol leader to accept Islam. Many of his soldiers converted to Islam after him so it lead to tensions between his army and other Mongol armies. Berke swore vengance on Hulagu for attacking Muslims and killing their caliph, so he teamed up with Mamluk Sultanate and stopped Hulagu from invading Muslims in Eygpt, Syria, and the Hijaz. Berke died between 1266-1267 when he sought to cross the Kura river to attack Abaqa Khan for attacking Golden Horde land.
 * Celina - **//bushi-// Bushi music, a genre of Japanese folk music
 * Cortes - **//bushido//
 * Crystal - **Chagatai
 * Davis - ** Chingiss Khan:
 * Feagan - **//daimyo--//

Empress Wu ruled during the Tang Dynasty from 690-705 in supporting the Buddhist establishment. Not only id she contribute large sums to build or improve monasterious and reward Buddhist cooperation with impressive grants of land, but at one point she tride to elevate Buddhism to the staus of a state religion. Empress Wu also commisioned many Buddhist paintings and sculptures. Wu had much support by the people under her rule that by the mid-9th century, there were nearly 50,000 monasteries and hundreds of thousands of Buddhist monks and nuns in China. instigate a partial civil war in the late 1290s. The Horde's military power peaked during the reign of Uzbeg (1312–41), who adopted Islam. The territory of the Golden Horde at its peak included most of Eastern Europe from the Urals to the right bank of the Danube River, extending east deep into Siberia.Mountains.
 * Franco - **Empress Wu
 * Ifasso - **Fujiwara - they were a powerful family of regents in Japan. They descended from the Nakatomi clan. The original founder was Nakatomi no Kamatari. He was rewarded with the name" Fujiwara" This became his descendants last name. The family's main way to gain central influence was to marry Fujiwara daughters marry emperors. Through this the family would gain influence over the next emperor who, according to Japanese family tradition would owe loyalty to his grandfather.
 * Ingle - **Golden Horde- was a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate, established in the 13th century, which comprised the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire

The Grand Canal, also known as the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, is the longest canal or artificial river in the world; it is a famous tourist destination. Starting at Beijing, it passes through Tianjin and the provinces of Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang to the city ofHangzhou, linking the Yellow River and Yangtze River. The oldest parts of the canal date back to the 5th century BC, although the various sections were finally combined during the Sui Dynasty Hulagu Khan, also known as Hülegü, Hulegu, was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of Southwest Asia. Son of Tolui and the Kerait princess Sorghaghtani Beki, he was a grandson of Genghis Khan, and the brother of Ariq Böke, Möngke Khan and Kublai Khan.
 * Juell - **Grand Canal
 * King - **Heian Period
 * Kossia - **Hulegu
 * Latham - **Ilkhan Khanate
 * Mattes - **//Junxi//
 * Measom - **Kublai Khan

The grandson of Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire, Kublai Khan was the fifth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire (1260-1294) and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty in China. He assumed the title emperor of China, and his conquest of South China’s Song Dynasty was the last step in the Mongols’ efforts to rule China wholly. With that conquest behind him, he became the overlord of all the Mongol dominions (the Golden Horde in southern Russia, the Il-Khanate of Persia and regions inhabited by traditionally nomadic Mongol princes), as well as the ruler of his own territory of China. Having an appreciation of Chinese thought, he organized a group of Confucian Chinese advisers to introduce reforms in his territories.Generally, Kublai's overriding achievement as khan is seen as reestablishing unity within China, a country that had been divided since the end of the Tang Dynasty, which ended in 901 A.D. The major step taken to unify China was the conquest of the Song Dynasty in the south, an accomplishment that took several years. The only personal account of Kublai is by Marco Polo, who became an associate of Kublai’s early in his reign. Wife, Chabi exemplified the high role of Mongolian women. Murasaki Shikibu(c. 978 – c. 1014 or 1025) was a Japanese novelist, poet and lady-in-waiting at the Imperial court during the Heian period. She is best known as the author of The Tale of Genji, written in Japanese between about 1000 and 1012. (she also wrote The Diary of Lady Murasaki, and a volume of poetry). Murasaki Shikibu is a nickname; her real name is unknown, but she may have been Fujiwara Takako, who was mentioned in a 1007 court diary as an imperial lady-in-waiting. The mamluks were a military class member that has its origination from Turkish slaves that ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1517 and sustained power until 1811. Out of the Mamluks, the most enduring one was the military caste in medieval Egypt that from from the ranks of slave sodiers whe were mainly derived from Kipchak Turk, Georgian, and Circassian orgin. With this warrior class, the importance of Mamluks was long-lived that lasted from the 9th (800's) to the 19th (1800's). With time, the mamluks become a powerful military caste in various Muslim societies, particulary in Egypt, but also in the Levant, Mesopotamia, and India, mamluks held political and military power. In various situations, they became the rank of sultan, while others held regional power as amirs (commander, general, or prince) or beys (tribal leaders). Most notably, mamluk factions seized the sultanate for themselves in Egypt and Syria in a period known as the Mamluk Sultanate (1250-1517). The Mamluk Sultanate famously beat back the Mongols at the Battle of Ain jalut and fought Crusaders, effectively driving them out from teh levant by 1291 and officially in 1302 ending te era of the Crusades.While maluks were purchased, their status was above ordinary slaves, who were not allowed to carry weapons or perform certain tasks. In places such as Egypt from the Ayyubid dynasty to the time of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, mamluks were considered to be "true lords", with social status above freeborn Muslims. __More specifically, it refers to__: Italian merchant traveler from the Republic of Venice whose travels are recorded in Livres des merveilles du monde, a book which did much to introduce Europeans to Central Asia and China. He learned the mercantile trade from his father and uncle, Niccolò and Maffeo, who traveled through Asia, and apparently met Kublai Khan. In 1269, they returned to Venice to meet Marco for the first time. The three of them embarked on an epic journey to Asia, returning after 24 years to find Venice at war with Genoa; Marco was imprisoned, and dictated his stories to a cellmate. He was released in 1299, became a wealthy merchant The Minamoto clan was one of the surnames bestowed by the Emperors of Japan upon members of the imperial family who were demoted into the ranks of the nobility. The practice was most prevalent during the Heian Period (794–1185 AD), although its last occurrence was during the Sengoku Era. The Taira were another such offshoot of the imperial dynasty. The Minamoto clan is also called the Genji, meaning family. The Minamoto were one of four great clans that dominated Japanese politics during the Heian period. originated with Han_Yu and Li_Ao_(philosopher) (772-841) in the Tang Dynasty, and became prominent during the Song_Dynasty and Ming_Dynasty dynasties.Neo-Confucianism was an attempt to create a more rationalist and secular form of Confucianism by rejecting superstitious and mystical elements of Daoism and Buddhism that had influenced Confucianism during and after the Han Dynasty.Although the Neo-Confucianists were critical of Daoism and Buddhism, the two did have an influence on the philosophy, and the Neo-Confucianists borrowed terms and concepts from both. However, unlike the Buddhists and Daoists, who saw metaphysics as a catalyst for spiritual development, religious enlightenment, and immortality, the Neo-Confucianists used metaphysics as a guide for developing a rationalist philosophy. Pure Land Buddhism also referred to as Amidism in English, is a broad branch of Mahāyāna Buddhism and one of the most widely practiced traditions of Buddhism in East Asia. Pure Land is a tradition of Buddhist teachings that are focused on Amitābha Buddha. Pure Land oriented practices and concepts are found within basic Mahāyāna Buddhist cosmology, and form an important component of the Mahāyāna Buddhist traditions of China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Tibet. The term "Pure Land Buddhism" is used to describe both the Pure Land soteriology of Mahāyāna Buddhism, which may be better understood as "Pure Land traditions" or "Pure Land teachings," and the separate Pure Land sects that developed in Japan. In Japanese Buddhism, Pure Land teachings developed into independent institutional sects, as can be seen in the Jōdo-shū and Jōdo Shinshū schools Since only a small fraction of them could become court officials, the majority of the //scholar-gentry// stayed in local villages or cities as social leaders. The //scholar-gentry// carried out social welfare measures, taught in private, helped decide minor legal disputes, supervised community projects, maintained local law and order, conducted Confucian ceremonies, assisted in the government's collection of taxes, and preached Confucian moral teachings. As a class, these scholars represented morality and virtue. Although they received no official salary and were not government officials, their contributions and cooperation were much needed by the district magistrate in governing local areas, and received contributions from the imperial dynasty as well. The system of scholar-officials and imperial examinations was adopted and adapted by several tributary states of China, in particular the Ryūkyū Kingdom Okinawa, which sent students to China on a regular basis, and maintained a center of Chinese learning at Kumemura from which administrators and officials of the kingdom's government were selected. 960: Sung Dynasty founded by Zhao Kuangyin, emperor Sung Taizu. 976 - 1068: Reigns of Sung Zhen Zong, Sung Ren Zong and Sung Ying Zong. Sung Empire flourishes. 1068 - 1076: Wang Anshi prime minister. Reforms that benefit commoners are introduced. Noble and upper classes are angered, force resignation of Wang Anshi in 1076 AD. 1115: Jurchen from the north establish the Jin Dynasty(1115 - 1234). 1120: Rebellion of Song Jiang, who establishes an impregnable camp at Liangshan Marsh. Subject of the popular novel Outlaws of the Marsh. 1125: Jin forces invade the Sung Empire. 1126: Jin troops capture Kaifeng(Bianjing), capital of the Northern Sung, and the two emperors Sung Wei Zong and Qin Zong, bringing the Northern Sung era to an end. 1127: Southern Sung Dynasty established by Sung Gao Zong in Nanjing. 1130s-40s: Patriot Yue Fei battles the Jin, inflicting crushing defeats and retaking much lost territory. However he is betrayed by the traitor Qin Hui and arrested by Emperor Gao Zong. He is subsequently executed. 1161: First use of explosives in battle. 1206: Genghis Khan leads invasion of Jin Empire. 1233: Sung troops, allied with the Mongols, destroy the Jin Empire. 1240s-70s: Mongols turn on the Song after destroying the Tanguts, long war ensues. 1260: Kubilai Khan suceeds to Mongol throne. 1279: Despite heroic resistance, the Sung Empire is destroyed by the Mongols. was a major Japanese clan of samurai in historical Japan. In reference to Japanese history, along with Minamoto, Taira was a hereditary clan name bestowed by the emperors of the Heian period to certain ex-members of the imperial family when they became subjects. The Taira clan is often referred to as Heishi ( literally "Taira clan") or Heike ( literally "House of Taira"), using the character's Chinese reading hei. Offshoots of the imperial dynasty, some grandsons of Emperor Kammu were first given the name Taira in 825 or later. Afterwards, descendants of Emperor Nimmyo, Emperor Montoku, and Emperor Koko were also given the surname. The specific hereditary lines from these emperors are referred to by the emperor's posthumous name followed by Heishi, i.e. Kammu Heishi. The Taira were one of the four important clans that dominated Japanese politics during the Heian period (794–1185) – the others were the Fujiwara, the Tachibana and the Minamoto. Wendi was the first ruler of the sui dynasty, he had arranged a marrage between his daughter and the emporer of the Zhou dynasty and ended up killing him and took over the dynasty. He taxed people and set up graneries to prevent famine. He was assasinated by his son (Yangdi) who took over control the dynasty until its fall. Yuan dynasty, Wade-Giles romanization Yüan, also called Mongol dynasty, (1206–1368), dynasty established in China by Mongol nomads. Yuan rule stretched throughout most of Asia and eastern Europe, though the Yuan emperors were rarely able to exercise much control over their more distant possessions. The Mongol dynasty was first established by Genghis Khan in 1206. Genghis began encroaching on the Jin dynasty in North China in 1211 and finally took the Jin capital of Yanjing (or Daxing; present-day Beijing) in 1215. For the next six decades the Mongols extended their control over the North and then conquered South China =**__ Review Questions: __**= Because the territory was so huge, they had to use horses for communication, and set up stations all over the place to switch out the horses and people. They mostly let the citizens do what they wanted, as long as they paid taxes properly and didn't riot, etc. > The conquests of Kublai Khan and his successors effectively connected the Eastern world with the Western world, ruling a territory from Southeast Asia to Eastern Europe. The Silk Road, connecting trade centers across Asia and Europe, came under the sole rule of the Mongol Empire. It was commonly said that "a maiden bearing a nugget of gold on her head could wander safely throughout the realm." The end of the Pax Mongolica was marked by political fragmentation of the Mongol Empire and the outbreak of the Black Death in Asia which spread along trade routes to much of the world They change in boundary is because of wars and ambushes that take place from the Mongols.
 * Murray - **//Kuriltai//
 * Nguyen - **Kwarazem Emperor-
 * Nugen - **Lady Murasaki
 * Rabe - **Li Yuan- __ was the founder of the Tang Dynasty and the first emperor from 618-626.Li Yuan was also the maternal cousin of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty. In the late Sui Dynasty, peasant revolts broke out all across the country. Knowing that he was in no position to put down the revolts and well aware of Emperor Yang of Sui's suspicious and jealous nature and his fondness of killing, Li Yuan felt that he was in a unfavorable situation, and together with his second son Li Shimin, he rose in rebellion in May of the 13th year of the Daye Period. In May of 618 AD, Li Yuan proclaimed himself emperor, changed the reign title to Tang, and made Chang’an the capital. Shortly afterwards, the Tang Dynasty reunified the whole country. __
 * Siraphet - **Mamluks
 * Khwarazmian dynasty in Persian (1077-1231)
 * Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi) (1206-1290)
 * Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) (1250-1517)
 * Mamluk dynasty of Iraq (1704-1831, under Ottoman Iraq)
 * Suarez - **Marco Polo-
 * Traylor - **Minamoto
 * Achuff - **Ming Dynasty
 * Anyona - Neo - Confucianism** - A movement in religious philosophy derived from Confucianism in China around AD 1000 in response to the ideas of Taoism and Buddhism.It
 * Baker - **Ogedei
 * Banfield - **Pure Land Buddhism
 * Carlock - **//samurai// -They were called samurai and bisho. A samurai believed their swords held their souls. Samurai's led their lives based from bushido, which signifies loyalty to one's master, self-discipline and respectful, ethical behaivor. Duty is a primary philosophy of the samurai. The philosophy of Bushido gave them the peace and power to serve for their master faithfully and loyally. When a samurai lost his master, Daimyo, he would sometimes show loyalty by commiting ritual suicide, Seppuku. After being defeated the samurai had to commit Seppuku, because they thought it was a more honorable death than being captured by the enemy. They become powerful and important in the Shinto Period and the end of the Edo Period, but they first became important during the Era of Warring States. Yoritomo created a new government in Kamakura that made the samurai the ruling class of Japanese society. Toyotomi Hideyoshi said samurai's were the only people allowed to have swords and they had to choose to live on their farms or live in Castle towns. In the Edo Period the samurai was the most important social caste. All samurai's had to live in the Castle towns and were paid with rice. They fought the Minamoto, the Fujiwara and the Taira over land. In 1868 feudalism ended in Japan which was the end of the samurai class.
 * Celina - **scholar - gentry
 * Scholar-officials**, also translated as **Scholar-gentlemen**, **Scholar-bureaucrats** or **Scholar-gentry** were civil servants appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance from the Han Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1912, China's last imperial dynasty. These officials mostly came from the well-educated men known as the scholar-gentry. These men had earned (such as //xiucai//, //juren//, or //jinshi//) by passing the rigorous imperial examinations. The scholar-officials were schooled in calligraphy and Confucian texts. They dominated the politics of China until 1911.
 * Cortes - **Seljuk Turks
 * Crystal - **//seppuku//
 * Davis - ** Song Dynasty: Key Events-
 * Feagan - **Sui Dynasty
 * Franco - **Taira
 * Ifasso - ** Tang Dynasty was the imperial dynasty of China. Followed the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was founded by the Li family. The dynasty was shortly interrupted by the 2nd Zhou dynasty ( October 6, 690- March 3,705) when Empress Wu Zetian took the throne. She was the first regnant empress to rule on her own. The Tang dynasty is mostly seen as the period of progress with all the culture advancements that occurred.
 * Ingle - **//tumens//
 * Juell - **Wendi
 * King - **Yangdi
 * Kossia - **Yuan Dynasty
 * 1) ** Latham - **What dynasties govern China during the period 600 - 1450, and more specifically, when do they hold power?
 * 2) ** Mattes - **What is the Sui Dynasty so short - lived? What brought about its collapse? Who are the principle actors of this era?
 * 3) ======** Measom - **What are the primary reforms and projects of the Sui Dynasty? The Grand Canal- The Grand Canal, also known as the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, is the longest [|canal] or artificial river in the world; it is a famous tourist destination. Starting at Beijing, it passes through Tianjin and the provinces of Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang to the city of Hangzhou, linking the Yellow River and Yangtze River. Despite temporary periods of desolation and disuse, the Grand Canal furthered an indigenous and growing economic market in China's urban centers since the Sui period. It has allowed faster trading and has improved China's economy. It also allowed faster travel and movement of the emperor’s armies.The establishment of the Equifield system as part of Emperor Wen’s reform agenda to reduce the rich-poor social gap by increasing agricultural productivity which would support a centralized government power.(gave land to everyone equally to farm) he also established food granaries in order to control the prices in the market, and prevent starvation. ======
 * 4) ======** Murray - **Who founded the Tang Dynasty? What made the rapid revival of the Tang possible?======
 * 5) ** Nguyen - **What is the significance of the Empress Wu on Chinese society? What policies does she implement? -Empress Wu was a huge supporter of Buddhism. She endowed monasteries, commissioned colossal statues of Buddha, and sought to make Buddhism the state religion. There were about 50,000 monasteries by the middle of the ninth century. Wu's religious policy gave Buddhism precedence over Taoism as the favored state religion.
 * 6) ** Nugen - **What is the impact of the increasing influence of Buddhism on Tang/Song China? What impact does the religion have on the region during the period 600 - 1450? (this includes the Koreans, the Japanese, and the Vietnamese).
 * 7) ** Rabe - **What is Pure Land Buddhism and how does it vary from Chan Buddhism? **__Pure Land Buddhism is a broad branch of Mahāyāna Buddhism and one of the most widely practiced traditions of Buddhism in East Asia. Pure Land is a tradition of Buddhist teachings that are focused on Amitābha Buddha. The Pure And Chan(zen) are just schools of Buddhism, chosen by preference Zen buddhism is the focus of meditation to attain enlightenment This is a practice of sitting in stillness, focusing on single-mindedness, and investigating zen. Pureland Buddhism is the focus of reciting Amitabha Buddha's name. Though recitation of a buddha's name can cause one to enter samadhi because it employs the single-minded focus that is aimed for in zen meditation, the pureland school's main desired goal from recitation of Amitabha Buddha is liberation from the saha world.__**
 * 8) ** Siraphet - **What role are women given in China during the various dynasties? How does that role change and why? __The role that women are given in China during the course of various dynasties are usually working in their confined living place where they do housework related tasks. In the Tang Dynasty though, women could get power at the highest level being empresses, with an example like Empress Wu. Also during this dynasty, young women playing polo suggested freedom. In the early Song Dynasty, women gained many legal rights and had the same role during the previous Tang Dynasty. Then the role of women significantly changed with the introduction of Neo-Confucianism during the late Song Dynasty with making women the 'homemaker' of the household and practicing 'footbinding' during this time period. The reason for the changes in the role of women is the introduction of Neoconfucianism with more strict policies and rules that severely submitted women to male dominance.__
 * 9) ** Suarez - **Who are the scholar - gentry?- civil servants appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance from the Han Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1912, China's last imperial dynasty. These officials mostly came from the well-educated men known as the scholar-gentry (绅士 shēnshì). These men had earned academic degrees (such as xiucai, juren, or jinshi) by passing the rigorous imperial examinations. The scholar-officials were schooled in calligraphy and Confucian texts. They dominated the politics of China until 1911. Since only a small fraction of them could become court officials, the majority of the scholar-gentry stayed in local villages or cities as social leaders. The scholar-gentry carried out social welfare measures, taught in private schools, helped decide minor legal disputes, supervised community projects, maintained local law and order, conducted Confucian ceremonies, assisted in the government's collection of taxes, and preached Confucian moral teachings. As a class, these scholars represented morality and virtue. Although they received no official salary and were not government officials, their contributions and cooperation were much needed by the district magistrate in governing local areas, and received contributions from the imperial dynasty as well.
 * 10) ** Traylor - **What is the impact of Neo - Confucianism on China during the Tang - Song Period, and beyond? Neo-Confucianism mainly impacted the Song period because of their emphasis on studying and memorizing old texts. With the introduction of Neo-Confucianism, Buddhists began to be persecuted, leading to the decline of Buddhists. Also, with the establishment came the idea that spread about not questioning authority, which is mainly why the Buddhists were persecuted, because they disagreed. Since they didn't question anything, the West became more superior in knowledge since they actually questioned what they were thinking. Because of this, China was no longer thought of as the "center of the world."
 * 11) ** Anyona - **What technological advancements are made during the Tang/Song period, and how do they impact both China and the world at large?
 * 12) ** Baker - **What is flying cash, and how does it impact the Chinese economy?
 * 13) ** Banfield - ** What are the primary differences between the Tang and Song Dynasties? How do these differences impact both China and the rest of the region? The Tang Dynasty implemented the "Equal Field System", which gave land to peasants and commoners depending on their needs, while the Song Dynasty never implemented this system. The Tang Dynasty also marked the beginning of Buddhism in China, which influenced much of the art at that time. Also, The Tang Dynasty had a stronger military than the Song, as the Song people would pay Barbarian states to protect it. In contrast, the Song dynasty saw the return and re-evaluation of Confucianism as the dominant philosophy. This meant scholars began to question notions of reality, rather than accepting conventional teachings of those in authority. A number of inventions were developed during the Song period, including gunpowder and printing.
 * 14) ** Carlock - **What are the differences between the Northern Song and the Southern Song Dynasties? Northern Song had a weak dynasty so when the Jin Dynasty attacked Emperor Huizong fled and the Northern Song army rallied and won. The Jin Dynasty was able to capture the Northern Song capital because their rulers were weak which led to the end of the Northern Song. Southern Song ended because the Mongolian Kingdom emperor established a new dynasty, the Yuan, which he later used to attack and capture Lin'an, the Southern Song's capital.
 * 15) ** Celina - **What was the status of Mongol women in China during the Yuan dynasty?
 * 16) ** Cortes - **Describe the line of succession of the Mongol Khans. Who succeeded whom?
 * 17) ** Crystal - **After Ghengis Khan’s death, how was his empire subdivided, and who was assigned the task of ruling each of these regions?
 * 18) ** Davis - ** What was the Mongol policy regarding the religion of conquered peoples?
 * 19) The Mongols made the decision to adopt or adapt to the religious beliefs of regions they conquered because it was influential in creating and managing a state. However, every other nation, during this period, favored a policy that accepted one religion over another, creating an alliance with church and state.
 * 20) ** Feagan - **How did the Mongols administer the vast territory of their empire?
 * 1) ** Franco - **What were both positive and negative consequences of Mongol rule on Asia and Europe?
 * 2) ==** Ifasso - **What was the Mongol military like? What tactics did they employ? What kind of weaponry did they use? What innovations did they employ? __**// The whole Mongol army was cavalry which meant they could move quickly. Cavalry meant that the soldiers were on horses. The Mongol forces were divided up into basic fighting units called tumens. Each tumen had 10,000 warriors. Then each tumen was divided into units of 10, 100 or 1,000 warriors. There was commanders at each level. Commanders were respoonsible for training, arming and disciplining the cavalrymen under their command. Their weapons included laces, hatchets, iron maces, short bows and flaming and exploding gunpowder projectiles. //**__==
 * 3) ** Ingle - **What was the basic unit of Mongol society?
 * 4) ** Juell - **What was the order of conquest for Ghengis Khan and his successors?
 * 5) ** King - **Why did the Mongols fail to invade farther into Russia? What prevented their conquest of Western Europe?
 * 6) ** Kossia - **What is Pax Mongolica, and what impact did it have on the global trade network? The Pax Mongolica (less often known as Pax Tatarica) is a Latin phrase meaning "Mongol Peace" coined by Western scholars to describe the stabilizing effects of the conquests of the Mongol Empire on the social, cultural, and economic life of the inhabitants of the vast Eurasian territory that the Mongols conquered in the 13th and 14th centuries. The term is used to describe the eased communication and commerce the unified administration helped to create, and the period of relative peace that followed the Mongols' vast conquests. The term was coined in parallel to Pax Romana.
 * 1) ** Latham - **How does the Yuan Dynasty impact the role of women in China? Conversely, how does the Mongol occupation of China impact the role of women within Mongol society?
 * 2) ** Mattes - **What were both the short - term and long - term impacts of Mongol rule on Russia?
 * 3) ** Measom - **What were the consequences of the Mongol conquest of the Abbasid Dynasty and Islam as a whole?
 * 4) It taught new ways of making war and impressed on their Turkic and European enemies the effectiveness of gunpowder. Also facilitated trade between the two ends of Eurasia. It also opened up Asia minor to conquest by the ottomans. Possibly the greatest long term impact was the indirect and unintended transmissions of the fleas that carried the bubonic plague toEurope and the middle east!
 * 5) ** Murray - **Who was Tamerlane? What region of the globe did he conquer? How did his empire differ from the Mongol Empire?
 * 6) ** Nguyen - **How did the Yuan Dynasty differ from its predecessors? What were the strengths and weaknesses of the dynasty? -The Yuan Dynasty was different from the previous dynasties because they excelled in literature and science, the economy was based mainly off of agriculture, they had different kinds of clothing, and their customs were different. Having different cultures made the Yuan dynasty weaker. In the Yuan Dynasty, many things were improved but all of the repairing cost a lot of money so that lead to heavy taxation which some people could not pay resulting in poverty in some regions of China. One factor leading to the fall of the Yuan Dynasty was that the economy was doing really bad because there wasn't enough people to grow crops since slaves either ran away or died. Religious freedom was encouraged and the main religions were Daoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism.
 * 7) ** Nugen - **What was the impact of the attempted invasion of Japan by the Mongols? Why did Kublai Khan fail in his attempt to invade Japan?
 * 8) ** Rabe - **What is the impact of China on early Japan? **__Buddhism and Confucianism are important features of Chinese culture. As a systematic belief system, Buddhism forced the local Japanese religions, which were less coherent systems, to define themselves in relation to Buddhism. Confucianism, a systematic religious belief system, had a lot to say about governance and society and proved attractive for the Japanese.The method of organization of the Imperial Court, a significant element of ancient Chinese culture, was also adopted by the Japanese.__**
 * 9) ** Siraphet - **How do the Chinese impact Japanese society during the period of warring daimyos? __The Chinese cultural influence in Japan peaked during the seventh and eighth centuries C.C. IN 646, the Japanese emperor introduced administrative reforms, the Taika reforms, intended to realign the Japanese governmanet along Chinese models. Chinese patterns of court etiquette, diplomacy, historical writing, and Confucian philosophy became mandatory aspects of the japanese court. Buddhism swept into Japan. The effort to merge Chinese and indegenous elements wa often uneasy. The peasantry reworked Buddhism, merging it with worhip of traditional japanese nature spirits, the kami.__
 * 10) ** Suarez - **What was life like at the imperial court at Heian?
 * 11) ** Traylor - **What was the purpose of the Taika Reforms in 646? First of all, the Taika Reforms were doctrinesestablished by Emperor Kōtoku in 645. They were written shortly after the death of Prince Shōtoku, and the defeat of the Soga clan,uniting Japan. Crown Prince Naka no Ōe (who would later reign as Emperor Tenji), Nakatomi no Kamatari, and Emperor Kōtoku jointly embarked on the details of the Reforms. Emperor Kōtoku then took the name "Taika," or "Great Reform". The Reform began with land reform, based on Confucian ideas and philosophies from China, but the true aim of the reforms was to bring about greater centralization and to enhance the power of the imperial court, which was also based on the governmental structure of China. Envoys and students were dispatched to China to learn seemingly everything from the Chinese writing system, literature, religion, and architecture, to even dietary habits at this time. Even today, the impact of the reforms can still be seen in Japanese cultural life.
 * 12) ** Achuff - **What is the role of the following in society: Shogun, //bushi//, samurai, aristocracy?
 * 13) ** Anyona - **What’s a //bakufu//, and how does it relate to both the Japanese emperor and the Japanese government?
 * 14) ** Baker - **What was the Gempei War? What impact does it have on Japan?
 * 15) ** Banfield - **Who is Yoritomo and what is relationship with the Taira family? Minamoto no Yoritomo was the founder and the first shogun of the Kamakura Shogunate of Japan who ruleed from 1192 until 1199. The Taira clan took over Japan and became the undisputed leaders (lead by Taira no Kiyomo, a member of the clan), and Yorimoto was exiled by them. (I guess you clould say that they aren't on good terms...)
 * 16) ** Carlock - **What is the Shogun? What purpose does it serve in Japan, and when is it established? Shogun was a hereditary military commander in the feudal Japan(1192-1867). They controlled foreign policy from other countries. He was in charge of the military and feudal patronage. During the Heian period shoguns became so powerful they overran the government. They ruled Japan from the Kamakura period to the Edo period until the revolution of 1867-68. They were important because they were the government and they regulated and controlled the country. Tokugawa leyasu established himself shogun in 1603.
 * 17) ** Celina - **What was the impact of the rise of the samurai on: the peasantry, the aristocracy, the bushi?
 * 18) ** Cortes - **What is a daimyo, and what role did it play in Japanese politics?
 * 19) ** Crystal - **What impact does civil unrest in Japan have on the government? What is the role of the emperor after each successive civil war or uprising?
 * 20) ** Davis - ** Can you locate any of these places/dynasties on a map? (it’s always a good idea to know what territory these states occupy? How do these states compare to one another? What accounts for the changes in their borders?